Table 2.
Flavonoid doses in different experimental models.
| Study Type | Experimental Model | Treatments | Dose | Results | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cellular Studies | T47D and MCF-7 | Wine polyphenols | 1 pM–100 nM | Inhibited growth and antagonize H2O2 | [56] |
| HCC70, BT-474 and T47D | Butein | 0.001–100 μg/mL | Induced apoptosis through ROS reduction | [58] | |
| MDA-MB-468 | Naringenin | 2.5–50 μM | Oxidative stress induced apoptosis | [59] | |
| MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 | Myricetin | 20–100 μM | Oxidative stress induced apoptosis | [60] | |
| MDA-MB-453 | 5,7-dihydroxy, 8-nitrochrysin | 2–8 μM | Induced apoptosis by generation of ROS | [63] | |
| MDA-MB-231 | Silibinin | 30 μM | Induced apoptosis | [64] | |
| Human monocytes and RAW 264.7 | Apigenin | 0.1–25 μM | Reduced NFκB phosphorylation, TNF-α and IL-1β expression | [52] | |
| RAW 264.7 | Chrysin | 30 μM | Suppression IL-1β expression | [82] | |
| RAW 264.7 | Apigenin | 10–25 μM | Reduced NOS and COX expression | [83] | |
| ANA-1 | Apigenin | 12.5–200 μM | Induced apoptosis | [84] | |
| Human PBMC | Quercetin | 1–50 μM | Inhibited TNF-α expression | [87] | |
| Human Neutrophils | Hesperidin | 1–100 μM | Reduced ROS generation and induced apoptosis | [90] | |
| Human Dendritic cells | EGCG | 10–100 μM | Induced apoptosis | [92] | |
| RAW 264.7 | Luteolin | 25–100 μM | Inhibited COX-2 and xanthine oxidase expression | [93] | |
| Bone marrow derived mouse macrophages | Quercetin and Kaempferol | 25–50 μM | Inhibited TNF-α expression | [95] | |
| MCF-7 | Apigenin and Chrysin | 10–50 μM | BCRP inhibitors | [96] | |
| MCF-7 and T47D | Methoxyflavones from Tanacetum gracile | 1.5–5 μM | Induced cell cycle arrest through tubulin binding | [97] | |
| MDA-MB-231 | Apigenin | 25 μM | Inhibited hnRNPA2 dimerization affecting its splicing activity | [98] | |
| MCF-7 | Apigenin | 25–100 μM | Suppressed MUC-1 expression and induced apoptosis | [99] | |
| Cellular Study | CD4 T cells | Apigenin | 12.5–75 μM | Potentiated activation induced cell death by suppressing NFκB regulated anti-apoptotic pathways | [100] |
| Dendritic cells | Quercetin | 50 μM | Attenuated LPS induced DC activation | [101] | |
| MCF-7 | Apigenin | 20–80 μM | Reduced cell growth and expression of MDR1 and P-gp in MCF-7-doxorubicin resistant cells | [102] | |
| MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and HMF | Rutin | 20 μM | Increased the cytotoxicity of cyclophosphamide and methotrexate | [103] | |
| MDA-MB-231 | EGCG | 10–25 μM | Synergistic enhancement of cytotoxicity with tamoxifen | [104] | |
| MCF-7 | Resveratrol | 50–250 μM | Increased sensitivity to doxorubicin | [79] | |
| MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 | Resveratrol | 80–180 μM | Synergistic inhibition of growth with doxorubicin | [105] | |
| MCF-7 | Apigenin | 30 μM | Enhanced cisplatin cytotoxic activity | [106] | |
| BT-474 and SK-BR3 | Flavopiridol | 50–100 nM | Synergistic inhibition of cell proliferation with trastuzumab | [107] | |
| MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468 and SK-BR3 | Flavopiridol | 0.2 μM | Enhanced sorafenib induced cytotoxicity | [108] | |
| BT47D and MDA-MB-231 | Apigenin | 10–80 μM | Induced apoptosis and autophagy | [109] | |
| MDA-MB-231 | Wogonin | 50–100 μM | Sensitized TRAIL-induced apoptosis | [110] | |
| RAW 264.7 macrophages and 3T3-L1 adipocytes co-culture | Luteolin | 1–20 μM | Suppressed the adipocyte-dependent activation ofmacrophage | [111] | |
| 3D Study | MDA-MB-231 | Apigenin and Luteolin | 20 μM | Attenuate growth and intravasation through endothelial barrier | [69] |
| Animal Study | BALB/C-Tg (NFκB-RE-luc)-Xen mice | Apigenin | 50 mg/kg body weight | Reduced NFκB activity in lungs in vivo | [85] |
| CD-1 immunodeficient mice bearing MDA-MB-231 tumor | Oncamex | 25 mg/kg body weight | Inhibited tumor growth | [67] | |
| Athymic nu/nu nude mice bearing MDA-MB-231 tumors | Radix Glycyrrhiza extracts | 20–100 mg/kg body weight | Attenuated tumor growth through iNOS inhibition | [68] | |
| C57BL/6 mice | Luteolin | HFD with 0.01% luteolin | Inhibited inflammatory macrophage polarization in adipose tissue | [112] | |
| C57BL/6 mice | Quercetin | HFD with 0.1% luteolin | Attenuated macrophage recruitment and modulated M1/M2 macrophage ratio | [113] | |
| BALB/c mice bearing 4T1 tumors | Quercetin | 5mg/kg body weight | Synergistic inhibition of tumor growth with doxorubicin | [114] | |
| Athymic nu/nu nude mice bearing BT47D tumors | Apigenin | 50 mg/kg body weight | Inhibited the progression progestin dependent BT-474 xenograft tumors in nude mice through apoptosis | [115] | |
| Athymic nu/nu nude mice bearing MDA-MB-231 tumors | Apigenin | 25–50 mg/kg body weight | Inhibited tumor proliferation and proteasome activity | [116] | |
| Ovariectomized C57BL/6 mice injected with E0771 cells | Naringenin | HFD with 1–3% naringenin | Reduced adipose tissue mass and ameliorated adipose tissue inflammation | [117] | |
| C57BL/6 mice | Hippophae rhamnoides L. seeds extracts | 100–300 mg/kg body weight | Significant anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory effect | [118] | |
| Ovariectomized female C57BL/6 mice | Resveratrol | 300–600 mg/kg body weight | Inhibited obesity-associated increases in claudin-low mammary tumor growth and macrophage infiltration | [119] |
BRCP: Breast cancer receptor protein; hnRNPA2: heterogeneous nuclear ribonuclear protein A2; MUC-1: Mucin-1; DC: Dendritic cells; MDR1: Multidrug resistance 1; P-gp: P-glycoprotein; TRAIL: TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand; HFD: High fat diet.