Figure 6.

Initial overall immunostimulatory trends observed with variations in NANP designs. (A) Three-dimensional RNA cubes are potent immunostimulants, followed by two-dimensional RNA rings and one-dimensional RNA fibers. (B) Between structures of the same dimensionality, RNA NANPs are more immunostimulatory than DNA NANPs. (C) A NANP scaffold becomes more immunostimulatory if it is functionalized, for example, with TNAs. (D) For RNA fibers which are less immunostimulatory in terms of dimensionality, functionalization at every monomer results in a greater immune response than if the fibers are functionalized at every other monomer. Different colors emphasize the architecture of NANPs consisting of multiple strands (A,C,D) or changes in their composition (B) such as DNA vs. RNA.