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Structures of graphene-based nanomaterials, including pristine graphene (pure-arranged carbon atoms) with sp2-hybridized carbon atoms (a) and the chemically modified graphene: graphene oxide (GO) (b), reduced graphene oxide (rGO) (c), and graphene quantum dot (GQD) (d). Reprinted and adapted with permission from [4]. Copyright MDPI, 2017.
