Table 2.
Means and SD of dependent variables at baseline, and ANCOVAs comparing adolescents below vs. above PA recommendations, and adolescents who believe vs. do not believe that they are sufficiently physically active, as well as interactions between these 2 factors.
| Self-reported PA |
Personal beliefs about sufficient PA |
Self-reported PA |
Personal beliefs about sufficient PA |
Self-reported PA × personal beliefs about sufficient PA |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Below recommendations (n = 300) |
Above recommendations(n = 564) |
Not sufficiently physically active(n = 289) |
Sufficiently physically active(n = 575) |
dfM = 1dfR = 855 |
dfM = 1dfR = 855 |
dfM = 1dfR = 855 |
||||||||
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | F | η2 | F | η2 | F | η2 | |
| Insomnia (ISI) | 5.11 | 3.62 | 4.37 | 3.27 | 5.66 | 3.60 | 4.11 | 3.19 | 0.02 | 0.000 | 16.60*** | 0.019 | 0.20 | 0.000 |
| Sleep quality (PSQI) | 33.76 | 7.66 | 35.45 | 7.72 | 32.76 | 7.72 | 35.92 | 7.53 | 0.46 | 0.001 | 15.97*** | 0.018 | 1.61 | 0.002 |
| Sleep-onset latency | 27.63 | 27.42 | 24.78 | 24.03 | 30.18 | 28.92 | 23.54 | 22.93 | 0.10 | 0.000 | 5.98* | 0.007 | 0.01 | 0.000 |
| Number of awakenings | 0.84 | 1.24 | 0.77 | 1.28 | 1.05 | 1.45 | 0.66 | 1.14 | 5.13* | 0.006 | 3.81* | 0.004 | 0.20 | 0.000 |
| Depressive symptoms (CES-D) | 14.33 | 7.77 | 12.72 | 6.77 | 14.96 | 7.36 | 12.43 | 6.92 | 0.89 | 0.001 | 6.48* | 0.008 | 0.01 | 0.000 |
| Quality of life (SWLS) | 4.79 | 1.14 | 4.94 | 1.14 | 4.49 | 1.20 | 5.08 | 1.06 | 0.01 | 0.000 | 36.10*** | 0.041 | 0.05 | 0.000 |
| Perceived stress (ASQ) | 7.05 | 1.74 | 6.90 | 1.83 | 7.39 | 1.75 | 6.73 | 1.79 | 0.46 | 0.001 | 12.26*** | 0.014 | 0.03 | 0.000 |
| Mental toughness (MTQ) | 60.32 | 6.08 | 62.00 | 7.08 | 59.48 | 5.70 | 62.39 | 7.08 | 3.68* | 0.004 | 12.64*** | 0.015 | 0.94 | 0.001 |
Notes: All two-way ANCOVAs controlled for school, sex, age, family financial situation, and BMI. dfM = degrees of freedom for the effect of the model. dfR = degrees of freedom for the residuals of the model. Degrees of freedom for the (total) corrected model: dfM = 8, dfR = 855.
*p < 0.05; ***p < 0.001.
Abbreviations: ANCOVA = analysis of covariance; ASQ = Adolescent Stress Questionnaire; BMI = body mass index; CES-D = Centers for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; ISI = Insomnia Severity Index; MTQ = Mental Toughness Questionnaire; PA = physical activity; PSQI = Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; SWLS = Satisfaction with Life Scale.