. 2019 Apr 9;7(4):58. doi: 10.3390/medsci7040058

Table 1.

Table of Included Studies.

Author, Year	Population	Ancestry	Country	N	Age *	CK Estimations			Outcome	Effect Size ^¶
Author, Year	Population	Ancestry	Country	N	Age *	Resting ^†	Device	IFCC	Outcome	Effect Size ^¶
BLOOD PRESSURE
Brewster 2006 [6]	Random population sample	African Asian European	Netherlands	1444	35–60	Yes	Roche/Hitachi Systems	Yes ^║	CK associated with SBP and DBP	CK T1 (<88) vs. CK T3 (≥145) SBP 122.5 (1.0) vs. 130.6 (0.9) DBP 79.2 (0.6) vs. 84.8 (0.6)
										Univariable SBP: + 13.9 [9.6 to 18.3]/log CK DBP: + 9.3 [6.8 to 11.9]/log CK
										Multivariable SBP + 8.0 [3.3 to 12.7]/log CK DBP + 4.7 [1.9 to 7.0]/log CK
Johnsen 2011 [11]	Population sample	European	Norway	12,776	30–87	No ^‡	Modular P, Roche	Yes	CK associated with SBP and DBP	CK T1 vs. CK T3 SBP 134.4 (0.4) vs. 138.2 (0.4) DBP 76.3 (0.2) vs. 79.8 (0.2)
Johnsen 2011 [11]	Population sample	European	Norway	12,776	30–87	No ^‡	Modular P, Roche	Yes	CK associated with SBP and DBP	Multivariable SBP + 3.3 [1.4 to 5.2]/log CK DBP + 1.3 [0.3 to 2.3]/log CK
Mels 2016 [15]	Teachers	African	South Africa	405	45 (0.5)	No	Beckman UniCel DxC800; Konelab 20i	Yes	Only subgroup analysis	CK only associated with BP in women of European ancestry. Adjusted R2 = 0.46; β = 0.17; p = 0.03
Yen 2017 [17]	Population health survey	Asian	Taiwan	4562	49 (0.2)	Yes	Modular P, Roche	Yes	CK associated with SBP and DBP	CK Q1 (<69) vs. CK Q4 (≥128) SBP 118.6 (0.3) vs. 124.2 (0.3) DBP 73.1 (0.2) vs. 76.6 (0.2)
										Univariable SBP + 6.5 [5.2 to 7.7] CK/10 mmHg DBP + 10.1 [8.0 to 12.1] CK/10 mmHg
										Multivariable SBP + 1.68 CK/10 mm Hg
HYPERTENSION
Brewster 2008 [19]	Cases with hyperCKemia vs. population controls	European	Netherlands	46 (controls 22,612)	18–67	Yes	Modular P, Roche	Yes ^║	High CK associated with hypertension	Odds ratio of hypertension ^§ Crude: 3.9 [2.2 to 6.9] Adjusted: 2.0 [1.1 to 3.8]
Johnsen 2011 [11]	Population sample	European	Norway	12776	30–87	No‡	Modular P, Roche	Yes	CK higher with HT	CK higher in persons using anti-HT drugs vs. no anti-HT drugs (104 vs. 99)
Brewster 2013 [7]	Random population sample	African Asia European	Netherlands	1444	35–60	Yes	Roche/Hitachi Systems	Yes ^║	CK higher in HT vs. NT	Odds ratio of hypertension CK T1 (<88) vs. CK T3 (≥145) HT prevalence: 26.8 vs. 41.2% Odds ratio 1.9 [1.5 to 2.5]
Brewster 2013 [7]	Random population sample	African Asia European	Netherlands	1444	35–60	Yes	Roche/Hitachi Systems	Yes ^║	CK higher in HT vs. NT	CK in HT vs. controls CK 145.9 (7.0) HT vs. 126.8 (2.5) controls
George 2016 [14]	Population study	African Asian European	USA	10,096	>20	No	Beckman UniCel DxC800	Yes	Only subgroup analysis	Odds ratio of HT (CK dichotomized, ULN) ** Men: 1.2 [0.8 to 1.7] Women: 1.4 [1.0 to 2.1]
Yen 2017 [17]	Population health survey	Asian	Taiwan	4562	49 (0.2)	Yes	Modular P, Roche	Yes	CK higher in HT vs. NT	CK in HT vs. controls CK +20.7 [15.8 to 25.6] in HT vs. controls
Sukul 2018 [18]	Hypertensives vs. controls	Asian	India	115	25–60	Yes	Roche diagnostics	Yes ^║	CK higher in HT vs. NT	CK in HT vs. controls CK 199.6 (16.4) HT vs. 72.7 (4.0) controls
Sanjay Kumar 2013 [12]	Hypertensives vs. controls	Asian	India	150	40–90	No	NR	NR	CK MB higher in HT vs. NT	CK MB in HT vs. controls 21.5 (4.0) HT vs. 17.2 (2.4) controls
Emokpae 2017 [16]	Hypertensives vs. controls	African	Nigeria	340	28–62	No	Selectra Pro S	Yes	CK MB higher in HT vs. NT	CK MB in HT vs. controls 51.6 (3.0) HT vs. 15.0 (0.8) controls
TREATMENT FAILURE
Johnsen 2011 [11]	Population sample	European	Norway	12776	30–87	No ^‡	Modular P, Roche	Yes	CK not significantly higher in uncontrolled vs. controlled HT	CK in controlled vs. uncontrolled HT 101 vs. 110 ^††
Brewster 2013 [7]	Random population sample	African Asian European	Netherlands	1444	35–60	Yes	Roche/Hitachi Systems	Yes^║	CK higher in uncontrolled vs. controlled HT	CK in controlled vs. uncontrolled HT 124.3 (10.9) vs. 157.9 (9.4)
										Odds ratio of treatment failure CK T1 (<88) vs. CK T3 (≥145) HT treatment failure 46.7% vs. 72.9% Odds ratio 1.6 [1.3 to 1.9]
										Adjusted odds ratio treatment failure 3.7 [1.2 to 10.9]/log CK
Luman 2015 [13]	Hypertensives	Asian	Indonesia	82	>18	No	Roche/Hitachi cobas analyzer	Yes	CK higher in uncontrolled vs. controlled HT	Mean CK in controlled vs. uncontrolled HT 81.8 (3.3) vs. 132.2 (6.2)
Luman 2015 [13]	Hypertensives	Asian	Indonesia	82	>18	No	Roche/Hitachi cobas analyzer	Yes	CK higher in uncontrolled vs. controlled HT	High CK (T3 CK>109.33 U/L) Controlled hypertension 18.5% Uncontrolled hypertension 81.5%
Sukul 2018 [18]	Hypertensives vs. controls	Asian	India	115	25–60	Yes	Roche diagnostics	Yes ^║	CK higher in uncontrolled vs. controlled HT	CK in controlled vs. uncontrolled HT 99.6 (4.5) vs. 313.9 (22.5)

Legend. Studies reporting plasma creatine kinase (CK) and blood-pressure outcomes. Blood pressure is in mm Hg and CK in (I)U/L. Where applicable, data are rounded to one decimal place. Data in square brackets are 95% confidence intervals, in parentheses are standard errors, and outcomes are significant at p < 0.05, unless stated otherwise. * Age (range or mean with SE) in years, ^† Test under resting conditions, as defined by the authors. ‡ Outcomes adjusted for habitual exercise. IFCC, CK estimated according to the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry guidelines [20], reported by 3 studies; ^║ [6,7,18,19] we retrieved information regarding the method of CK estimation on the internet for other studies. NR, not reported. SBP, DBP, systolic, diastolic blood pressure; HT, hypertension (as defined by the author; generally, blood pressure > 139 systolic or 89 diastolic, or the use of antihypertensive drugs). NT, normotension. CKMB, CKMB isoenzyme; ^¶ Multivariable analyses as reported, mostly including sex, age, and BMI, among other variables; T1, T3 low vs. high CK tertile; Q1, Q4 lowest vs. highest CK quartile; ^§ High CK compared to population controls. ** ULN, upper limit of normal (334 in men, 199 in women) [14]. †† No SE reported, p = 0.1, direction (one or two-sided) not reported.