Table 2.
Comorbidities and medications in patients with COPD and comparators.
| COPD, n = 520 | Comparators, n = 150 | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| No. of comorbidities | 3 [2–4] | 2 [1–3] | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 245 (47%) | 34 (23%) | <0.001 |
| Angina | 61 (12%) | 0 (0%) | <0.001 |
| Myocardial Infarction | 46 (9%) | 0 (0%) | 0.002 |
| Atrial Fibrillation | 42 (8%) | 5 (3%) | 0.018 |
| Heart failure | 19 (4%) | 0 (0%) | 0.025 |
| Other heart diseases $ | 40 (8%) | 4 (3%) | 0.045 |
| Transient ischaemic attack | 36 (7%) | 2 (1%) | 0.009 |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 237 (46%) | 41 (27%) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 67 (13%) | 0 (0%) | <0.001 |
| Osteoporosis | 87 (17%) | 9 (6%) | 0.001 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 19 (4%) | 3 (2%) | 0.317 |
| Osteoarthritis | 177 (34%) | 40 (27%) | 0.089 |
| No. of medications | 5 [3–8] | 2 [0–3] | <0.001 |
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors | 115 (22%) | 9 (6%) | <0.001 |
| Angiotensin receptor blockers | 44 (8%) | 2 (1%) | 0.002 |
| Calcium channel blockers | 114 (22%) | 8 (5%) | <0.001 |
| Beta blockers | 42 (8%) | 5 (3%) | 0.047 |
| Diuretics | 109 (21%) | 11 (7%) | <0.001 |
| Anticoagulants | 27 (5%) | 2 (1%) | 0.041 |
| Statins | 192 (37%) | 27 (18%) | <0.001 |
| Bisphosphonates | 72 (14%) | 5 (3%) | <0.001 |
| Inhaler therapy | 419 (81%) | 0 (0%) | <0.001 |
Note: n (%) or median (IQR); - not assessed; p < 0.05 significant difference between groups; $, other heart disease = arrhythmia, enlarged heart, heart murmur, valve disease, or vessel disease; inhalers = bronchodilators, inhaled corticosteroids, or antimuscarinics, alone or in combination.