Table 1.

Some examples of different approaches to doing a literature review

Systematic review	This is the ‘original’ systematic review, often responding to ‘does it work’ questions about effectiveness but can be used for a wide range of review questions. The hallmark of a systematic review is that it identifies, appraises and synthesises the empirical evidence that meets pre-specified eligibility criteria. However systematic reviews are not limited to one type of data and can be compiled with quantitative, qualitative research or both. [5] Meta-ethnography, other qualitative synthesis and integrative reviews share many of the characteristics of a systematic review as regards rigour and systematic processes they employ. [12–15]
Scoping review	This is a mapping review, that aims to determine the range of research and other evidence that is available on a topic. A scoping review does not typically include appraisal or analysis [16].
Realist review	This review is a more complex enquiry than a simple ‘does it work?’ question; instead researchers explore why something works, in what circumstances it works and with whom Iit works [17]
Rapid review	These are new review types developed in response to the need to provide a quick evidence base; the methods are largely undefined [18]
Focused mapping review and synthesis (FMRS)	The FMRS is a method of investigating trends in academic publications and is another example of a new type of review. The FMRS was developed in response to the need for a scholarly approach to the identification of trends and is used by those who are exploring methods used in a particular area. [19]