Table 4.
Regression slopes (95% CI) for the associations (per SD = 1 increase) between air pollutant and children’s health depending on the level of confounder adjustment (in bold the significant associations, p < 0.05)
| Model0 | Model1 | Model2a | Model2b | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| cIMT | ||||||||
| NO2 | 0.77 | (−2.2, 3.8) | 1.22 | (−2.0, 4.4) | 1.25 | (−2.5, 5.0) | 1.18 | (−2.6, 5.0) |
| NOx | −0.42 | (−3.4, 2.5) | − 0.25 | (− 3.5, 3.0) | −1.47 | (−5.3, 2.3) | −1.32 | (−5.2, 2.5) |
| PM2.5 | − 0.63 | (− 3.6, 2.4) | −1.49 | (−4.8, 1.8) | −1.87 | (− 5.6, 1.9) | −1.57 | (− 5.4, 2.3) |
| PM10 | 0.60 | (−2.4, 3.6) | 0.84 | (−2.4, 4.1) | − 0.48 | (−4.2, 3.2) | − 0.54 | (− 4.3, 3.2) |
| PM2.5abs | 0.42 | (− 2.6, 3.4) | 0.58 | (−2.7, 3.8) | − 0.58 | (−4.3, 3.1) | − 0.63 | (− 4.4, 3.1) |
| EM | ||||||||
| NO2 | −1.15 | (−5.2, 2.9) | −2.62 | (−7.1, 1.8) | − 1.01 | (− 6.2, 4.2) | − 1.27 | (− 6.5, 4.0) |
| NOx | − 1.92 | (− 5.8, 2.0) | −2.29 | (− 6.8, 2.2) | −2.43 | (−7.5, 2.6) | − 2.14 | (− 7.3, 3.0) |
| PM2.5 | 2.01 | (−2.1, 6.1) | 3.48 | (− 1.1, 8.1) | 4.26 | (− 1.0, 9.5) | 4.65 | (− 0.7, 10) |
| PM10 | − 1.45 | (− 5.5, 2.6) | − 2.44 | (−6.9–2.0) | −1.67 | (− 6.7, 3.4) | − 1.91 | (− 7.0, 3.2) |
| PM2.5abs | − 1.28 | (− 5.3, 2.8) | −2.27 | (−6.8, 2.2) | − 1.68 | (− 6.8, 3.4) | −1.94 | (− 7.1, 3.2) |
| cD | ||||||||
| NO2 | −0.79 | (−1.8, 0.2) | − 0.80 | (− 1.8, 0.2) | − 1.50 | (− 2.8, − 0.2) | −1.53 | (− 2.8, − 0.2) |
| NOx | −0.90 | (− 1.9, 0.1) | − 0.92 | (−1.9, 0.1) | − 1.33 | (− 2.6, − 0.1) | −1.35 | (− 2.7, − 0.1) |
| PM2.5 | −0.54 | (− 1.6, 0.5) | −0.60 | (− 1.7, 0.5) | −1.34 | (− 2.7, − 0.0) | −1.38 | (− 2.7, − 0.0) |
| PM10 | − 1.21 | (− 2.3- -0.2) | −1.22 | (− 2.3, − 0.2) | −1.44 | (− 2.7, − 0.2) | −1.56 | (−2.7, − 0.4) |
| PM2.5abs | − 1.25 | (− 2.3- -0.2) | − 1.25 | (− 2.3, − 0.2) | − 1.48 | (− 2.8, − 0.2) | −1.63 | (− 2.8, − 0.4) |
| DBP | ||||||||
| NO2 | 0.13 | (−0.4, 0.7) | 0.23 | (−0.3, 0.8) | 0.38 | (−0.3, 1.0) | 0.39 | (−0.3, 1.1) |
| NOx | 0.18 | (−0.3, 0.7) | 0.19 | (−0.4, 0.8) | 0.01 | (−0.7, 0.7) | −0.07 | (− 0.8, 0.6) |
| PM2.5 | 0.50 | (−0.1, 1.0) | 0.54 | (−0.0, 1.1) | 0.59 | (−0.1, 1.3) | 0.54 | (−0.1, 1.2) |
| PM10 | 0.24 | (−0.3, 0.8) | 0.30 | (−0.3, 0.9) | 0.32 | (−0.3, 1.0) | 0.32 | (−0.3, 1.0) |
| PM2.5abs | 0.20 | (−0.3, 0.7) | 0.32 | (−0.3, 0.9) | 0.30 | (−0.3, 1.0) | 0.31 | (−0.3, 1.0) |
| SBP | ||||||||
| NO2 | 0.09 | (−0.5, 0.6) | 0.23 | (−0.3, 0.8) | 0.26 | (−0.4, 0.9) | 0.27 | (−0.4, 0.9) |
| NOx | −0.24 | (−0.7, 0.3) | 0.11 | (−0.7, 0.5) | − 0.16 | (− 0.8, 0.5) | −0.07 | (− 0.8, 0.6) |
| PM2.5 | 0.28 | (−0.3, 0.8) | 0.27 | (−0.0, 1.1) | 0.31 | (−0.4, 1.0) | 0.36 | (−0.3, 1.0) |
| PM10 | 0.11 | (−0.4, 0.6) | 0.21 | (−0.4, 0.8) | 0.22 | (−0.4, 0.9) | 0.27 | (−0.4, 0.9) |
| PM2.5abs | 0.13 | (−0.4, 0.7) | 0.32 | (−0.2, 0.9) | 0.30 | (−0.3, 1.0) | 0.30 | (−0.4, 1.0) |
Model 0: completely unadjusted; Model 1: adjusted for sex, age; Model 2a: model 1+ parental SES characteristics; Model 2b: model 2a + exposed to smoke during pregnancy + child exposed to smoke later in life.