Table 1.

The phenotypes of double mutants by crossing AD model mice with mice lacking IRS2, IGF1R, or IR

AD mouse model	Deletion of IRS2, IGF1R, or IR in mice	Phenotypes	References
Tg2576	Systemic IRS2 KO–/– (diabetes)	Cognitive improvement; decreased amyloid deposition; preventing premature mortality (with normal level of blood glucose)	Killick et al. (2009), Freude et al. (2009)
	Neuronal IGF1 receptor KO+/–	Reducing premature mortality; no decrease in amyloid deposition	Stöhr et al. (2013)
	Neuronal IGF1 receptor KO–/–	Cognitive improvement; decreased β-amyloid aggregation; reducing premature mortality	Freude et al. (2009), Cohen et al. (2009)
	Neuronal Insulin receptor KO–/–	Decreased amyloid deposition; premature mortality	Stöhr et al. (2013)

AD: Alzheimer’s disease; IRS: insulin receptor substrate; IGF1R: insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor; IR: insulin receptor.