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. 2018 Nov 21;43(3):273–303. doi: 10.1093/femsre/fuy042

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© FEMS 2018.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 1. — Biogenesis of extracellular vesicles in the three domains of life. Vesicle budding indicated with arrows. (a) TEM showing hypervesiculation in the bacterium S. typhimurium. Image kindly provided by Mario F. Feldman (University of Alberta, Canada). (b) SEM showing microvesicles budding from the eukaryote Leishmania donovani. Image reprinted from Silverman et al. (2008). (c) Cryo-TEM of vesicle budding from the archaeon T. kodakaerensis. The protrusion of the S layer can also be observed clearly. (d) TEM of ultrathin cell sections of vesicle budding from T. kodakaerensis. Figures (c) and (d) provided by the authors.