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. 2018 Nov 21;43(3):273–303. doi: 10.1093/femsre/fuy042

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© FEMS 2018.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 3. — EVs and viruses interact in multiple ways. 1 and (a): Virus receptors on vesicles could act as decoys protecting the host from infection. (a) TEM showing several Sulfolobus spindle-shaped virus 1 (SSV1), from the Fuselloviridae family, attached to a membrane vesicle. 2 and 3: Encapsulated DNA/ RNA can be infectious as in pleolipoviruses or plasmidions. 4: Virus receptors and effectors can transfer between cells, promoting infection of non-susceptible hosts. 5: Membrane-bound viruses resist human attack. 6 and (b): VPVs allow for high MOI and 'Trojan horse’-style infection. Image (a) kindly provided by Virginija Krupovic, Institut Pasteur, France. Image (b) kindly provided by Jônatas Santos Abrahão, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil and obtained by the Center of Microscopy of UFMG, Brazil.