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. 2019 May 7;10:919. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00919

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Copyright © 2019 Tietzel, Quayle and Carabeo.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Anti-inflammatory properties of AA mϕ. (A) FACS analysis showed high levels of CD206 and low levels of CD64 for AA mϕ (green, isotype solid gray), CA mϕ (red, isotype dashed gray) displayed opposite pattern. Resting mϕ (black, isotype dotted-dashed gray) showed intermediate phenotype. The overall p-value for all surface markers was less than 0.0001. ^∗∗p-value ≤ 0.01 compared to resting macrophages. (B) Production of anti-inflammatory IL-10 and inflammatory IL-12p70 in cell culture supernatants of alternatively activated mϕ (triangles), classically activated mϕ (squares), and of resting mϕ (circles) left untreated (gray symbols) or stimulated for 24 h with LPS (black symbols) compiled from three independent experiments. Means are indicated by horizontal bars. Overall p-value for IL-10 was 0.0032. ^∗∗p ≤ 0.01; ^∗p ≤ 0.05 for individual group comparisons. The overall p-value for IL-12p70 was 0.2308 and deemed not significant. Posttests were not performed because the p-value was greater than 0.05. AA mϕ responded with higher amounts of IL-10 and lower amounts of IL-12p70 when compared with CA mϕ. (C) The gene expression of anti-inflammatory markers such as IL-1Ra and TGF-beta differs between AA and CA mϕ. Real time PCR data were statistically evaluated with group-wise comparison and Relative Expression Software Tool (Pfaffl et al., 2002). ^∗p ≤ 0.05 compared to resting mϕ as control group. Mean values of triplicates with standard deviations are depicted.