Table 1.

Comparison of BVD control programmes and BVD status in six European countries in 2017.

Elements	Countries
	DE	FR (Brittany)	IE	NL	SE	UK (Scotland)
Herd level prevalence (breeding herds)	0.08%	unknown	2%	9%	0%–free	10%
Type of programme	Mandatory	Voluntary	Mandatory	Voluntary	Mandatory	Mandatory
Type of testing–screening/case finding	Ear notch, blood/serum	Bulk milk, ear notch, blood/serum	Ear notch	Bulk milk, ear notch, blood/serum	–	Ear notch, blood/serum
Type of testing - monitoring freedom of disease	Ear notch, blood/serum	Bulk milk, ear notch, blood/serum	Ear notch	Ear notch, blood/serum	Bulk milk, blood/serum	Blood/serum
Vaccines licensed for use	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes
Funding	Private and public	Private	Private and public	Private	Private and public	Private
Most important herd level risk factors for introduction:
1	Introduction of imported cattle	Boundary contact with neighboring cattle herds	Boundary contact with neighboring cattle herds	High cattle density	Introduction of imported cattle	Delayed removal of known PI animal(s)
2	Introduction of TI cattle	Introduction of cattle	Introduction of pregnant cattle	Introduction of pregnant cattle	–	Introduction of cattle with unknown status
3	Introduction of pregnant cattle	Presence of fattening unit	Indirect transmission through personnel	Indirect transmission through professional visitors	–	Boundary contact with neighboring cattle herds

DE, Germany; FR, France; IE, Ireland; NL, Netherlands; SE, Sweden; UK, United Kingdom.