Table 1.

Conceptualizing the self.

Authors	Conceptualization
Piaget (1936)	The subject is born subject and knows himself as a subject. Psychological development concerns how children build and shape the world around, governed by the maturation of the central nervous system
Wallon (1959b)	The subject learns behaviors through imitation and emotional contagion and cannot be therefore dissociated from others during the first months of life. Through reciprocal stimulation and alternation, the child becomes aware of limits between him/herself and the other, and develops his/her own ego
Merleau-Ponty (1964)	Importance of the other. A certain degree of innate self-consciousness exists (body schema) allowing social interactions
Vygotsky (1978)	The subject learns from the others and the external environment how to build him/herself as an individual
Neisser (1991)	Two distinct ways of building the self: (a) through body perceptions and interactions with environmental objects, and (b) through relationships with others
Kiverstein (2007)	For each experience there is a neural representational system constituting the minimal supervenience basis for specific experiences