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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Appl Spectrosc. 2018 Sep;72(1 Suppl):52–84. doi: 10.1177/0003702818791939

Table II.

Overview of options for sample preparation strategies for different body fluids enabling Raman spectroscopic identification of infectious diseases.

Sample type Pathogens Sample preparation Concentration Time (time for isolation) Reference
Urine E. coli, E. faecalis Filtration, centrifugation, enrichment via lab-on-a-disc >105 cells/ml 70 min (65 min) 61
E. coli, E. faecalis Filtration, dielectrophoresis chip >105 cells/ml 35 min (15 min) 62
P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, E. coli, E. faecalis, E. faecium, S. aureus, P. mirabilis, S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus, S. hominis, S. saprophyticus Centrifugation >103 cells/ml 2 h 63
E. coli, K. pneumoniae, S. saprophyticus Centrifugation 105 cells/ml 30 min 64
S. aureus SERS-encoded Ag nanoparticles, microfluidic platform >15 CFU/ml 20 min 65
Whole blood E. coli, K. oxytoca, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, S. pneumoniae, H. influenza, C. albicans Selective lysis, centrifugation, cultivation <10 CFU/ml 7 h 66
P. falsiparum Magnetic bead-based hybridization, lab-on-a-stick platform 200 fM not specified 67
Sputum S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S. pneumoniae, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa Enzyme based liquefaction, filtration, centrifugation >104CFU/ml (1 h) 77