Table 4. Types and causes of antibiotic use-related problems identified at the surgical ward of JUMC from 24 April to 24 July 2017, Ethiopia.

Types of ABURPs	Cause of ABUR problems	No. of ABURPs in the prophylaxis	No. of Therapeutic ABURPs	Total	%
Unnecessary antibiotic	No medical condition	12	10	59	17.0
	Overlapping effect	1	29
	Non-pharmacologic (no need for SAP) preferred	7	0
Need additional antibiotic	Prophylaxis needed	2	0	17	4.9
	Additive or synergistic needed	8	7
Need different antibiotic	More effective product available	3	11	16	4.6
	Route not appropriate	2	0
Dose too low	The wrong dose ordered	79	3	114	32.9
	Inappropriate frequency (longer)	4	11
	Inappropriate duration (short)	0	2
	The timing of SAP (too late or early)	15	0
Potential or actual ADR	Undesirable effect	0	2	8	2.3
	Unsafe drug	2	0
	DI lead to ADR	1	2
	Contra-indication	1	0
Dose too high	The wrong dose ordered	0	16	72	20.7
	Inappropriate duration (longer)	46	10
Non-compliance	The patient didn’t understand important information/ not informed	2	2	19	5.5
	Can’t afford medication	2	10
	Health professional forget to give	1	2
Unclassified ABURPs	Late to change IV to PO	0	41	42	12.1
	Need monitoring	0	1
Total		188	159	347	100
Average number of ABURPs per patient				1.16	-

Key: ABURPs = antibiotic use related problems, DI = drug interaction, ADR = adverse drug reaction, IV = intravenous, PO = per oral, SAP = surgical antibiotic prophylaxis.