Fig. 11:

Left: Calculated response of a 20-nm diameter bubble (right hand axis) to a single cycle of a shock scattering histotripsy pulse (left hand axis) via the Yang/Church model (Yang and Church 2005). Right: External pressure forces acting on bubble wall during the excitation due to surface tension, viscosity, elasticity, and the ambient pressure (0.1 MPa). The following values of the medium properties were used: surface tension, σ = 56 mN/m, dynamic viscosity, μ = 0.005 kg/m•s, and elastic modulus, E = 100 kPa. The exact pressure at the bubble wall will change for variations in the cavitation process (e.g. bubble size, medium properties, histotripsy excitation), though the trends will remain (Bader 2018).