Fig. 14:

Summary of imaging modalities for real-time assessment for histotripsy image guidance. (A) B-mode imaging of hyperechoic bubble cloud via changes in grayscale value (histotripsy pulse propagating from left to right in the image). (B) Passive cavitation imaging (PCI) maps acoustic emissions generated by the bubble cloud spatially (histotripsy pulse propagating from left to right in the image). (C) Color Doppler images acquired during histotripsy liquefaction of ex vivo porcine liver, indicating movement both towards (left image) and away from (right image) due to coherent motion associated with translation of the bubble cloud (Miller et al. 2016). (D) Ex vivo porcine liver sample prior to histotripsy excitation imaged with a spin-echo imaging sequence (left frame), and just after histotripsy excitation with a cavitation-sensitive 2D EPI sequence (white arrow, right frame) (Allen et al. 2015).

Panel C reprinted with permission from IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control, vol. 63, Miller et al, Bubble-induced color Doppler feedback for histotripsy tissue fractionation, p. 408, doi:10.1109/TUFFC.2016.2525859. Copyright (2016), © IEEE. Panel D reprinted with permission from Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, vol. 76, Allen et al, MR-based detection of individual bubble clouds form in tissue and phantoms, p. 1486, doi:10.1002/mrm.26062. Copyright (2015), © John Wiley and Sons, Inc.