Fig. 9:
Temporal sequence of millisecond boiling at the focus of a 1-MHz boiling histotripsy transducer. As heat is deposited, a shadow appears due to changes in index of refraction around the focus (t = 5 ms). At t = 5.75 ms, a boiling bubble occurs, and a cavitation cloud appears behind the bubble over the next 0.5 ms due to scattering. Ultrasound propagation is from top to bottom.