Table 2.
Association of Retirement Age with Mortality, Stratified by Healthy vs. Unhealthy Retirees, Health and Retirement Study, 1992–2010
| Healthy Retirees (n = 1,934) | Unhealthy Retirees (n = 1,022) | Pooled Analysisa (n = 2,956) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | 95% CI | |||||
| Unadjusted | ||||||
| Retirement Age (centered at 65) | 0.89 | 0.86–0.92 | 0.90 | 0.87–0.92 | 0.89 | 0.87–0.91 |
| Adjustedb | ||||||
| Retirement Age (centered at 65) | 0.89 | 0.85–0.92 | 0.91 | 0.88–0.94 | 0.90 | 0.88–0.92 |
| Retired due to health (Yes) | - | - | - | - | 1.84 | 1.51–2.26 |
| Male | 1.66 | 1.21–2.27 | 1.79 | 1.33–2.43 | 1.75 | 1.41–2.17 |
| White (vs. non-white) | 1.11 | 0.75–1.66 | 1.03 | 0.76–1.40 | 1.04 | 0.82–1.33 |
| Birth cohort (centered at 1931) | 1.02 | 0.96–1.09 | 1.01 | 0.96–1.07 | 1.02 | 0.98–1.06 |
| Education (ref. < high school) | ||||||
| High school | 0.67 | 0.47–0.96 | 0.85 | 0.63–1.15 | 0.79 | 0.62–0.99 |
| > High school | 0.66 | 0.40–1.07 | 1.21 | 0.73–2.00 | 0.90 | 0.63–1.28 |
| Married (vs. others) | 0.81 | 0.59–1.13 | 0.98 | 0.73–1.33 | 0.90 | 0.72–1.13 |
| Wealth (ref. <1st quartile) | ||||||
| 1st quartile – median | 1.21 | 0.83–1.76 | 0.96 | 0.69–1.35 | 1.09 | 0.85–1.39 |
| Median – 3rd quartile | 0.97 | 0.64–1.47 | 0.90 | 0.63–1.30 | 0.93 | 0.71–1.22 |
| 3rd quartile – max | 0.97 | 0.63–1.49 | 0.90 | 0.57–1.42 | 0.91 | 0.67–1.23 |
| Occupation (ref. White-collar) | ||||||
| Service | 0.93 | 0.64–1.35 | 1.30 | 0.84–2.01 | 1.11 | 0.84–1.48 |
| Blue-collar | 0.97 | 0.64–1.46 | 1.19 | 0.77–1.83 | 1.09 | 0.81–1.46 |
| Smoking (ref. never-smokers) | ||||||
| Former smokers | 1.25 | 0.88–1.77 | 1.37 | 0.96–1.93 | 1.33 | 1.04–1.71 |
| Current smokers | 2.66 | 1.88–3.77 | 2.55 | 1.82–3.57 | 2.59 | 2.03–3.31 |
| Drinking (yes) | 0.94 | 0.70–1.27 | 0.85 | 0.65–1.12 | 0.90 | 0.73–1.10 |
| Frequent exercise (yes) | 1.04 | 0.80–1.34 | 0.74 | 0.57–0.95 | 0.87 | 0.72–1.04 |
| BMI (ref. normal/low) | ||||||
| Overweight | 0.89 | 0.66–1.19 | 1.07 | 0.78–1.47 | 0.97 | 0.78–1.20 |
| Obese | 1.24 | 0.86–1.77 | 1.09 | 0.76–1.55 | 1.13 | 0.88–1.46 |
| Self-rated health | 0.90 | 0.77–1.05 | 0.91 | 0.80–1.05 | 0.91 | 0.82–1.01 |
| Chronic conditions | 1.22 | 1.05–1.40 | 1.12 | 1.00–1.26 | 1.16 | 1.06–1.27 |
| Limitation in any ADL | 2.32 | 1.18–4.56 | 0.97 | 0.64–1.48 | 1.14 | 0.79–1.66 |
Abbreviations: HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index.
a
Both healthy and unhealthy retirees were included. P-value for interaction Retirement age × Retired due to health (yes or no) = 0.834
b
Estimates adjusted for socio-demographic (birth cohort, gender, marital status, education, wealth), lifestyle (smoking status, alcohol use, body mass index), and health-related (self-rated health, medical history, and activities in daily living) measures.