Fig. 3. Comparison of dynamics of different impurity elements.
(A) Comparison of the direct exchange energy ranges between Al, Si, and P for head-on collision (θ = 0°). (B) Experimentally, the knockout of an Al dopant and two carbon atoms nearby was observed after 7 min of continuous radiation at 60 keV, corresponding to the low displacement threshold predicted in (A). Red circles mark atoms displaced in the second frame. (C) The energy barriers (Ea) of configurational change from 55-77 structures back to the pristine lattice are illustrated for various elements (C, 4.6 eV; N, 3.6 eV; B, 2.4 eV; P, 1.6 eV; Si, 0.8 eV; Al, 0.2 eV). Inset: The definition of Ea in the energy profile of the SW transition, where the original curves can be found in fig. S4. (D) An experimentally observed SW transition of an N dopant at 60 keV.