Table 2.

Quantification of ecosystem services based on plant trait-based models developed for Alpine grasslands (Grigulis et al., 2013; Kohler et al., 2017a).

Ecosystem service	Indicator	Unit	Equation
Forage production	Green biomass	g.m−2	Green biomass = −2 + 7.53*CWM_LNC1) + 6.566*CWM_VegHt2) + 7.83*WHC3)
Forage quality	Crude protein content	XP g.kg−1	Total digestible N = 201.9 − 0.2691*CWM_LDMC4) − 2.013*CWM_VegHt2) + 4.6*WHC3)
Soil fertility	Soil nitrogen mineralisation potential	NH4-N μg.g.-1.d−1	Nmin log = 1.372 + 0.8993 + (1.916*log(CWM_LDMC4)/1000)) + 1.024*DEA_log7)
Water quality	Leached nitrogen	NO3-N μg.g−1	Leached_NO3_N_soil_log = –0.5631 + (0.3851 * NO3_soil_log5))+ (0.7690 * Vmax_log6))
Carbon storage	Soil organic matter	SOM%	%SOM_log = 1.282 + 0.8266 + (1.494*Log(CWM_LDMC4)/1000)) + 0.4402*DEA_log7)

¹⁾CWM_LNC (mg.g⁻¹) = community weighted mean of LNC.

²⁾CWM_VegHt (cm) = community weighted mean of VegHt.

³⁾WHC (%) = (0.34*Clay (in%)) + (0.9*OM) + 0.93.

⁴⁾CWM_LDMC (g dry.g⁻¹ fresh) = community weighted mean of LDMC.

⁵⁾NO₃_soil_log (μg g⁻¹ soil) = 0.1041 + 0.0361*CWM_LNC.

⁶⁾Vmax_log (μg N-NH4 g⁻¹.h⁻¹) = 0.001343 + 0.5705*NO3_soil_log + 0.2606 * pH.

⁷⁾DEA_log (N-N2O μg.g⁻¹.h⁻¹) = 0.4620 + 0.5332*soil_total_N_%_log + 0.2077*NO₃_soil_log.