Accelerated multi-contrast high isotropic resolution 3D intracranial vessel wall MRI using a tailored k-space undersampling and partially parallel reconstruction strategy

Metric	PDw VISTA			T1w VISTA			SNAP
	Technique		p Value^a	Technique		p Value^a	Technique		p Value^a
	Full	CUSTOM + STEP	p Value^a	Full	CUSTOM + STEP	p Value^a	Full	CUSTOM + STEP	p Value^a
Fully sampled vs CUSTOM + STEP comparison
Image quality (1–5)	3.7 ± 0.4	3.4 ± 0.4	0.031	3.2 ± 1.0	3.6 ± 0.3	0.62	2.7 ± 0.5	3.0 ± 0.3	0.031
Wall depiction (1–3)	2.4 ± 0.2	2.3 ± 0.2	0.12	2.2 ± 0.5	2.3 ± 0.3	> 0.99	–	–	–
CSF suppression (1–4)	3.0 ± 0.2	2.7 ± 0.2	0.031	3.1 ± 0.3	3.0 ± 0.2	0.19	–	–	–
Blood suppression (1–3)	2.9 ± 0.1	2.8 ± 0.2	0.88	2.8 ± 0.3	2.9 ± 0.1	> 0.99	2.5 ± 0.4	2.6 ± 0.2	0.31

Metric	PDw VISTA			T1w VISTA			SNAP
	Technique		p Value^a	Technique		p Value^a	Technique		p Value^a
	SENSE	CUSTOM + STEP	p Value^a	SENSE	CUSTOM + STEP	p Value^a	SENSE	CUSTOM + STEP	p Value^a
SENSE vs CUSTOM + STEP comparison
Image quality (1–5)	3.0 ± 0.5	3.3 ± 0.2	0.19	2.7 ± 0.4	3.4 ± 0.1	0.031	2.0 ± 0.2	3.1 ± 0.4	0.031
Wall depiction (1–3)	1.9 ± 0.2	2.0 ± 0.2	0.62	1.8 ± 0.3	2.2 ± 0.3	0.031	–	–	–
CSF suppression (1–4)	3.0 ± 0.3	3.0 ± 0.2	0.75	3.3 ± 0.1	3.3 ± 0.1	0.56	–	–	–
Blood suppression (1–3)	2.8 ± 0.2	3.0 ± 0.0	0.19	2.9 ± 0.1	3.0 ± 0.1	0.12	2.4 ± 0.4	2.8 ± 0.3	0.031

Metric	PDw VISTA			T1w VISTA			SNAP
	Technique		p Value^a	Technique		p Value^a	Technique		p Value^a
	CUSTOM + zero fill	CUSTOM + STEP	p Value^a	CUSTOM + zero fill	CUSTOM + STEP	p Value^a	CUSTOM + zero fill	CUSTOM + STEP	p Value^a
CUSTOM + Zero fill vs CUSTOM + STEP comparison
Image quality (1–5)	3.2 ± 0.6	3.7 ± 0.5	0.008	3.2 ± 0.6	4.0 ± 0.4	0.008	3.5 ± 0.8	3.4 ± 0.8	0.25
Wall depiction (1–3)	2.1 ± 0.4	2.4 ± 0.3	0.008	2.3 ± 0.5	2.6 ± 0.3	0.016	–	–	–
CSF suppression (1–4)	2.9 ± 0.4	3.0 ± 0.3	0.50	3.6 ± 0.3	3.6 ± 0.2	0.50	–	–	–
Blood suppression (1–3)	2.9 ± 0.1	2.9 ± 0.1	> 0.99	2.9 ± 0.1	3.0 ± 0.0	> 0.99	2.7 ± 0.2	2.6 ± 0.3	0.50

Table 3.