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. 2019 May 17;9:7541. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-43974-1

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Biomass and nutrient dynamics on the two different states for the tritrophic chain for h = 1.1 (= $η$ ), and their corresponding phase relationships. (N = nutrients, B = basal species, I = intermediate species and T = top species). The relative phases of the low-production state shown in (a) (mean nutrient level ≈ 250 μgN/l) are plotted in panel (c). The phases of the high-production state shown in (b) (mean nutrient level ≈ 10 μgN/l) are plotted in panel (d). In both cases the phases relative to the top species are shown.