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. 2019 May 17;9:7506. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-40587-6

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effects of hesperidin and linarin on the replication of R5-type of HIV-1 in CD4⁺ NKT cells through Vδ1⁺ T cells. (A) CD4⁺ NKT cells induced from PBMCs by using α-GalCer (left). Viability of CD4⁺ NKT cells cultured with hesperidin, linarin or DMSO (right). (B) As described in Methods, CD4⁺ NKT cells were infected with R5-tropic NL(AD8) HIV-1. Then, HIV-1-infected CD4⁺ NKT cells were cultured in the presence of 3, 10, or 30 μg/mL hesperidin or linarin or 0.003, 0.01 or 0.03% DMSO with (right)/without (left) the resting Vδ1⁺ T cells for 3 days. HIV-1 p24 concentration of the culture supernatant was measured by using specific ELISA kit. (C) The percentage of HIV-1 viral replication was also shown. The data are expressed as the mean + SEM of three independent experiments. *P < 0.05 determined by using ANOVA with Dunnett’s test.