Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of adults patients admitted to the ICU during 2012–2017
| Variable | Total (18,825) | Mean | SD |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex: male | 10,839 (57.6%) | ||
| Age, years | 63.7 | 16.0 | |
| Body mass index, kg m−2 | 23.6 | 3.9 | |
| APACHE II | 20.3 | 9.8 | |
| Comorbidities at ICU admission | |||
| Hypertension | 8160 (43.3%) | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | 1673 (8.9%) | ||
| Ischemic heart disease | 447 (2.4%) | ||
| Cerebrovascular disease | 856 (4.5%) | ||
| Chronic obstructive lung disease | 836 (4.4%) | ||
| Liver disease (LC, hepatitis, fatty liver) | 603 (3.2%) | ||
| Dyslipidemia | 1191 (6.3%) | ||
| Chronic kidney disease | 3236 (17.2%) | ||
| Anemia (Hb < 10 g dl−1) | 6919 (36.8%) | ||
| Cancer | 4001 (21.3%) | ||
| Characteristics of ICU admission | |||
| Admission through emergency department | 10,950 (58.2%) | ||
| Admitting department | |||
| Internal medicine | 3851 (20.5%) | ||
| Neurologic center | 4770 (25.3%) | ||
| Post-cardiothoracic surgery | 5765 (30.6%) | ||
| Post-other surgery | 4438 (23.6%) | ||
| Length of ICU stay, day | 3.4 | 10.6 | |
| Length of hospital stay, day | 13.8 | 20.8 | |
| pRBC transfusion within 72 h after ICU adm | 8294 (44.1%) | ||
| RRT within 72 h after ICU adm | 458 (2.4%) | ||
| Vasopressor infusion within 72 h after ICU adm | 3433 (18.2%) | ||
| aCumulative fluid balance within 72 h after ICU adm | 3.2% | 4.7% | |
| Negative (< 0%) | 3933 (20.9%) | ||
| Even (0–5%) | 9680 (51.4%) | ||
| Positive, Mild to moderate (5–10%) | 3889 (20.7%) | ||
| Positive, Severe (> 10%) | 1323 (7.0%) | ||
| Fluid administration for 72 h after ICU admission | |||
| NaCl 0.9%, ml | 1729.1 | 2097.8 | |
| Balanced crystalloid, ml | 521.9 | 871.2 | |
| Hydroxyethyl starch, ml | 78.3 | 249.8 | |
| Serum chloride (Cl−) in ICU, mmol L− 1 | |||
| The number of measurements for 72 h after ICU adm | 3.3 | 0.9 | |
| Cl− on ICU admission (baseline Cl−) | 103.7 | 5.6 | |
| Normochloremia on ICU adm (97–110 mmol L−1) | 11,861 (63.0%) | ||
| Hypochloremia on ICU adm (< 97 mmol L− 1) | 1753 (9.3%) | ||
| Hyperchloremia on ICU adm (> 110 mmol L− 1) | 5211 (27.7%) | ||
| Maximum Cl− within 72 h after ICU adm | 107.8 | 5.7 | |
| Minimum Cl− within 72 h after ICU adm | 100.8 | 5.1 | |
| bPositive fluctuation of Cl− for 72 h after ICU adm | 4.1 | 4.1 | |
| > 10 mmol L−1 | 1243 (6.6%) | ||
| cNegative fluctuation of Cl− for 72 h after ICU adm | 2.9 | 3.5 | |
| > 10 mmol L−1 | 682 (3.6%) | ||
| 30-day mortality after ICU admission | 1011 (5.1%) | ||
ICU intensive care unit, APACHE Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation, adm admission, LC liver cirrhosis, Hb hemoglobin, pRBC packed red blood cells, RRT renal replacement therapy
aCumulative fluid balance: (Total input fluid – total output fluid, L) × 100 x weight in admission (kg)−1
bPositive fluctuation in Cl−: (Maximum Cl− – Preadmission Cl−) for 72 h after ICU admission
cNegative fluctuation in Cl−: (Preadmission Cl− – Minimum Cl−) for 72 h after ICU admission