Table 5.
Intimate partner violence as an outcome: factors related to IPV among males and females in the three community types
| Males | Females | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fishing | Trading | Agrarian | Fishing | Trading | Agrarian | |
| IPV Perpetration | IPV Victimization | |||||
| Individual characteristics | ||||||
| Age | ||||||
| 15 to 24 years (Ref) | – | – | – | |||
| 25 to 34 years (2) | 0.83 (0.57–1.21) | – | – | 0.82 (0.61–1.09) | ||
| 35 years and above (3) | 0.67 (0.40–1.12) | 0.65 (0.43–0.98) | ||||
| Marital Status | ||||||
| Never married (Ref) | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Married with multiple partners (1) | 1.51 (0.87–2.59) | 1.31 (0.82–2.08) | 1.95 (0.97–3.92) | 0.82 (0.46–1.44) | 1.13 (0.49–2.58) | – |
| Married- monogamous (2) | 1.73 (1.02–2.93) | 1.29 (0.68–2.42) | 2.16 (1.16–4.03) | 0.91 (0.52–1.57) | 2.37 (1.08–5.21) | |
| Previously married (3) | 1.39 (0.82–2.36) | 0.81 (0.29–2.27) | 1.07 (0.40–2.83) | 0.63 (0.35–1.12) | 0.59 (0.22–1.59) | |
| Children | ||||||
| 0–1 child | – | – | – | – | ||
| 2–3 children | 1.11 (0.82–1.49) | |||||
| 4–5 children | 1.07 (0.71–1.60) | |||||
| 6 children and above | 1.11 (0.66–1.89) | |||||
| Religion | ||||||
| Catholic | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Protestant | 0.49 (0.26–0.92) | 0.78 (0.49–1.22) | ||||
| Muslim | 0.95 (0.64–1.40) | 0.54 (0.27–1.09) | ||||
| Other or None | 0.73 (0.32–1.67) | 0.78 (0.23–2.58) | ||||
| Education (Years) | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Type of Occupation | ||||||
| Fishing | – | – | – | – | ||
| Housework | – | Ref | Ref | |||
| Agriculture | 0.87 (0.51–1.48) | 1.03 (0.51–2.07) | – | |||
| Business/Trading | 0.81 (0.56–1.16) | 1.34 (0.65–2.75) | ||||
| Bar/Restaurant | 1.11 (0.79–1.57) | 1.35 (0.51–3.61) | ||||
| Other | 0.91 (0.65–1.29) | 0.68 (0.30–1.51) | ||||
| Age of first sexual intercourse | ||||||
| 18 and older (Ref) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Childhood (12 years and under) | 1.53 (0.88–2.65) | 1.58 (0.85–2.93) | 1.00 (0.32–3.06) | |||
| Adolescence (13–17 years) | 0.97 (0.73–1.30) | 1.15 (0.72–1.84) | 0.52 (0.23–1.19) | |||
| Forced first sex | – | – | – | 1.12 (0.87–1.45) | 1.05 (0.63–1.76) | 1.83 (0.67–5.05) |
| HIV Status | 1.08 (0.82–1.43) | 1.05 (0.65–1.68) | 1.28 (1.00–1.65) | 1.26 (0.78–2.03) | – | |
| STI Symptoms | 1.24 (0.93–1.65) | 1.72 (0.97–3.03) | 1.23 (0.81–1.87) | 1.37 (1.07–1.76) | 1.45 (1.01–2.09) | 2.03 (0.91–4.52) |
| Relationship charactersitics | ||||||
| Age Gap Between Partners | ||||||
| 1–5 years’ gap (Ref) | – | |||||
| 6–10 years’ gap (2) | 0.75 (0.50–1.14) | – | – | – | ||
| 11 or more years (3) | 1.20 (0.68–2.13) | – | – | |||
| Condom use in past year | ||||||
| Never used condom (Ref) | – | – | – | – | ||
| Sometimes used condom | 0.93 (0.69–1.31) | 0.75 (0.52–1.09) | 1.20 (0.72–1.97) | – | – | |
| Always used condom | 0.45 (0.28–0.72) | 0.42 (0.17–1.04) | 0.71 (0.39–1.27) | |||
| Multiple sexual partners: Past 12 months | 2.32 (1.11–4.85) | 4.57 (1.87–11.1) | 1.92 (0.83–4.44) | 1.39 (1.05–1.83) | 1.06 (0.65–1.71) | 5.71 (2.56–12.71) |
| Partner’s multiple sexual relationships | – | – | – | 1.20 (0.89–1.62) | 3.54 (1.94–6.48) | 1.51 (0.56–4.01) |
| Recent casual relationship | ||||||
|
-A spouse/consensual regular partner (Ref) -Irregular partner |
- 1.10 (0.69–1.75) |
– | – | – | – | – |
| Alcohol use before sex | 1.13 (0.81–1.57) | 1.62 (0.99–2.64) | 1.44 (0.88–2.36) | 0.96 (0.74–1.25) | 1.13 (0.78–1.63) | 0.94 (0.31–2.86) |
| Partner’s alcohol use before sex | 0.95 (0.69–1.31) | 1.46 (0.76–2.79) | 1.56 (1.03–2.35) | 1.42 (1.10–1.83) | 1.53 (1.01–2.33) | 2.27 (0.71–7.27) |
| Perceived likelihood of partner being exposed to HIV | - | 0.72 (0.24–2.11) | ||||
| -Very likely or somewhat likely | 1.33 (0.84–2.11) | 1.24 (0.72–2.13) | ||||
| Number of partners outside the community: Past 12 months | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| One partner | 1.30 (0.72–2.36) | 0.85 (0.61–1.19) | 1.18 (0.79–1.78) | |||
| Two or more partners | 1.94 (1.05–3.60) | 1.28 (0.81–2.01) | 2.86 (1.09–7.47) | |||
| Household characteristics | ||||||
| Household wealth | – | – | – | |||
| High | – | – | – | 2.26 (1.00–5.11) | ||
| Middle | 0.94 (0.27–3.18) | |||||
| Low | ||||||
| Family size | 1.02 (0.96–1.09) | 0.93 (0.83–1.04) | 0.98 (0.91–1.07) | 0.96 (0.89–1.04) | 1.07 (0.99–1.14) | 1.08 (0.99–1.19) |
| Social/community norms | ||||||
| Any Justification of wife/partner beating | 3.05 (1.99–4.69) | – | 1.49 (0.86–2.57) | 1.38 (0.98–1.95) | – | 1.69 (0.85–3.38) |
Bold presents significant variables; Only variables significant at .05 level in the univariate analysis were entered into the multivariate model; The types of occupation categories were changed for males and females in fishing, trading and agrarian communities. In fishing communities, fishing was the reference group for males with other occupation categories being agriculture, business and other; In trading communities, males’ occupation types were classified into trading, agriculture and other with trading being the reference group; For males in agrarian communities, the reference group was agriculture, with business/trading and other categories. For women, occupation categories included housework, agriculture, business, hotel/bar and other with housework as the reference group