Table 2.
GSEM model investigating the reciprocal association between bulling involvement and depressive symptoms by gender
| Bullying victimisation at Time 1 | Depressive symptom at Time 2a | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Full sample | Female | Male | ||||
| Coef. (95% CI) | p value | Coef. (95% CI) | p value | Coef. (95% CI) | p value | |
| Not involved (ref.) | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | – |
| Victims | 1.39* (0.20–2.59) | 0.02 | − 0.59 (− 2.19–1.01) | 0.47 | 2.87*** (1.12–4.63) | 0.00 |
| Bully-victims | 2.02* (0.10–3.93) | 0.04 | 0.33 (− 1.92–2.59) | 0.77 | 3.22** (0.71–5.73) | 0.01 |
| Depressive symptoms at Time 1 | Bullying victimisation at Time 2 (Ref: not involved)b | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Full sample | Female | Male | ||||
| RRs (95% CI) | RRs (95% CI) | RRs (95% CI) | ||||
| Victims | Bully-victims | Victims | Bully-victims | Victims | Bully-victims | |
| Depression | 1.02* (1.00–1.04) | 1.02 (0.99–1.05) | 1.04** (1.01–1.07) | 1.01 (0.97–1.06) | 1.00 (0.97–1.03) | 1.04 (1.00–1.08) |
Coef., coefficient; 95% CI, 95% confident interval; RRs, relative-risk ratio
* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 and *** p < 0.001
aGSEM models were adjusted for previous depression symptoms and other covariates including age, family support, friend support, witnessing parental violence, sibling conflict, student’s time spent online, perceiving other students and teachers as helping stop bullying, and family structure
bGSEM models were adjusted for previous bullying victimisation and similar covariates in depression symptom models