Table 3.
Bullying victimisation at Time 1 | Psychological distress at Time 2a | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Full sample | Female | Male | ||||
Coef. (95% CI) | p value | Coef. (95% CI) | p value | Coef. (95% CI) | p value | |
Not involved (ref.) | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | – | 1.0 | – |
Victims | 0.85 (− 0.12–1.82) | 0.09 | 0.11 (− 1.15–1.38) | 0.86 | 1.41 (− 0.08–2.90) | 0.06 |
Bully-victims | 1.82* (0.30–3.35) | 0.02 | 1.77* (− 0.01–3.55) | 0.051 | 1.78 (− 0.36–3.91) | 0.10 |
Psychological distress at Time 1 | Bullying victimisation at Time 2b (Ref: not involved) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Full sample | Female | Male | ||||
RRs (95% CI) | RRs (95% CI) | RRs (95% CI) | ||||
Victims | Bully-victims | Victims | Bully-victims | Victims | Bully-victims | |
Psychological distress | 1.03* (1.00–1.05) | 1.03* (1.00–1.07) | 1.05** (1.01–1.09) | 1.02 (0.97–1.08) | 1.01 (0.98–1.04) | 1.05* (1.00–1.09) |
* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 and *** p < 0.001
aGSEM models were adjusted for previous psychological distress and covariates including age, family support, friend support, witnessing parental violence, sibling conflict, student’s time spent online, perceiving other students and teachers as helping stop bullying, and family structure
bGSEM models were adjusted for previous bullying victimisation and similar covariates in psychological distress models