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. 2019 Apr 29;116(20):9903–9912. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1802732116

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Fig. 3. — Changes in community composition and ecological profiles across habitats. (A) Primary habitat profiles of mist-netted individuals show the proportion of forest species increasing from open coffee to Amistad. Habitat types are described in detail in ref. 66. Primary habitat profiles were significantly different (χ² > 11.6, P < 0.02), with the exception of open coffee versus shaded coffee (χ² = 1.87, P = 0.76), secondary forest versus riparian forest (χ² = 3.2, P = 0.53), and secondary forest versus fragment birds (χ² = 3.5, P = 0.48). “Artificial” refers to human-created habitats, such as agricultural areas, pastures, orchards, and settlements. (B) Forest-dependence profiles of mist-netted individuals show an increase in forest dependence (26) from open coffee to Amistad. Forest-dependence profiles mostly differed between habitats (χ² > 23.1, P < 0.01), with the exception of secondary forest versus riparian forest (χ² = 15.4, P = 0.081), secondary forest versus fragments (χ² = 6.4, P = 0.704), open coffee versus shaded coffee (χ² = 16.2, P = 0.062), and fragment versus Las Cruces forest birds (χ² = 16.3, P = 0.061). (C) Habitat specialists increase with increasing tree cover. Habitat breadth profiles of mist-netted individuals were significantly different (χ² > 16.7, P < 0.01) or marginally so (fragments versus Las Cruces forest; χ² = 12.1, P = 0.06), with the exception of open coffee versus shaded coffee (χ² = 2.6, P = 0.86), shaded coffee versus riparian (χ² = 11.1, P = 0.08), and secondary forest versus fragments (χ² = 5.8, P = 0.45). Here, Swainson’s thrushes are excluded because large numbers migrated through the study region without wintering, and their preference for forest skews the proportions, especially at Amistad where they comprised 41% of all birds caught in the mist nets. (D) Bird community functional signatures of habitats based on the primary diet choice of bird species show a decrease in granivorous birds and an increase in insectivorous birds from open coffee plantations to Amistad primary forest.