Fig. 3.

The shape and strength of IAS impacts on native species and communities depends strongly on relative trophic position. Results from the slope metaanalyses are shown in the main panels, and results from the partial-r metaanalyses are inset. (A–C) Native species’ population responses to invaders at higher, the same, and lower trophic levels, respectively. (D–F) Native community-level responses to invaders at higher, the same, and lower trophic levels, respectively. Significant linear (β_linear) or polynomial (β_poly) regression terms are indicated by asterisks (*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001).