Fig. 5.

otp81, otp84, and ys1 single and triple mutants have weak gun phenotypes. The qPCR analysis of retrograde signaling marker gene expression in otp81, otp84, and ys1 single and triple mutants. Col-0 is the wild type. Total RNAs were isolated from 5 μM NF-treated whole seedlings grown under 24 h light (100 µmol⋅m⁻²⋅s⁻¹) at 22 °C for 5 d. The x axis indicates the samples. The y axis shows the relative expression level of marker genes, and their expressions in Col-0 are set to one. The PPI2 gene is the negative control. Data are mean ± SEM (three biological replicates). *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ns, not significant, two-tailed Student’s t test.