Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 May 18.
Published in final edited form as: Mol Oral Microbiol. 2017 Sep 18;33(1):38–46. doi: 10.1111/omi.12194

FIGURE 4.

FIGURE 4

Conventionalization of neonatal germ-free mice induces elevated inflammatory cytokine expression. (A) The number of total oral bacteria on the tooth surface was determined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction of the 16S rRNA gene. (B) Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) expression in the gingival tissue around molar teeth determined by quantitative real-time PCR. (C) IL-12β expression in the gingival tissue around molar teeth determined by quantitative real-time PCR. *Significant difference (P<.05) between the indicated groups