Inflammatory response induced by Mn. Mn exposure leads to the production of NF-κB and p38 in astrocytes, which increases reactive oxygen species. Inflammatory markers (IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α) are produced by microglia following Mn exposure. In the presence of these markers and Mn, neurons have been found to increase expression of the Mn-permeable ZIP14 and decrease expression of the Mn exporter SLC30A10. Abbreviations: IL-1β/6, interleukin-1β/6; Mn, manganese; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SLC, solute carrier; TNFα; tumor necrosis factor-alpha.