Table 1.
The characteristics of included patients according to metformin usage.
| Variables | Metformin usage (before PSM) | Metformin usage (after PSM) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Metformin (n = 150) | Nonmetformin (n = 219) | P value | Metformin (n = 150) | Nonmetformin (n = 138) | P value | |
| Age | 65.04 ± 9.47 | 70.03 ± 10.12 | <0.001 | 65.04 ± 9.47 | 66.91 ± 9.69 | 0.100 |
| BMI | 25.20 ± 3.36 | 24.18 ± 3.52 | 0.005 | 25.20 ± 3.36 | 24.69 ± 3.41 | 0.206 |
| Male gender | 96 (64.00%) | 132 (60.27%) | 0.469 | 96 (64.00%) | 85 (61.59%) | 0.673 |
| Smoking | 61 (40.67%) | 74 (33.79%) | 0.178 | 61 (40.67%) | 52 (37.68%) | 0.604 |
| DM duration | 10.00 (4.75, 15.00) | 8.00 (3.00, 15.00) | 0.119 | 10.00 (4.75, 15.00) | 7.00 (3.00, 15.00) | 0.039 |
| HTN | 93 (62.00%) | 163 (74.43%) | 0.011 | 93 (62.00%) | 98 (71.01%) | 0.106 |
| HTN duration | 6.00 (0.00, 15.00) | 10.00 (0.00, 20.00) | 0.605 | 6.00 (0.00, 15.00) | 5.25 (0.00, 15.00) | 0.513 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.50 (6.70, 8.15) | 7.30 (6.78, 8.43) | 0.990 | 7.50 (6.70, 8.15) | 7.30 (6.80, 8.48) | 0.988 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 96.53 (90.49, 105.50) | 92.02 (81.63, 99.23) | <0.001 | 96.53 (90.49, 105.50) | 94.82 (85.60, 101.10) | 0.037 |
| FBG (mmol/L) | 6.64 (5.52, 8.57) | 7.11 (5.76, 8.70) | 0.480 | 6.64 (5.52, 8.57) | 7.04 (5.66, 8.94) | 0.395 |
| Ca (mmol/L) | 2.28 ± 0.16 | 2.25 ± 0.12 | 0.020 | 2.29 ± 0.16 | 2.26 ± 0.13 | 0.098 |
| P (mmol/L) | 1.15 ± 0.19 | 1.13 ± 0.20 | 0.429 | 1.15 ± 0.19 | 1.13 ± 0.20 | 0.361 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.25 (1.61, 2.75) | 2.30 (1.72, 2.89) | 0.141 | 2.25 (1.61, 2.75) | 2.48 (1.75, 2.99) | 0.171 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.05 (0.89, 1.28) | 1.09 (0.91, 1.27) | 0.835 | 1.05 (0.89, 1.28) | 1.13 (0.93, 1.29) | 0.153 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.46 (1.01, 2.15) | 1.39 (0.98, 1.89) | 0.219 | 1.46 (1.01, 2.15) | 1.56 (0.99, 1.92) | 0.900 |
| Sulfonylureas | 50 (33.33%) | 86 (39.27%) | 0.246 | 50 (33.33%) | 56 (40.58%) | 0.203 |
| Glinides | 28 (18.67%) | 27 (12.33%) | 0.093 | 28 (18.67%) | 20 (14.49%) | 0.429 |
| GI | 49 (32.67%) | 100 (45.66%) | 0.012 | 49 (32.67%) | 53 (38.41%) | 0.309 |
| TZD | 4 (2.67%) | 12 (5.48%) | 0.193 | 4 (2.67%) | 8 (5.80%) | 0.302 |
| DPP4 inhibitor | 2 (1.33%) | 5 (2.28%) | 0.511 | 2 (1.33%) | 2 (1.45%) | 0.675 |
| Insulin | 26 (17.33%) | 54 (24.65%) | 0.094 | 26 (17.33%) | 31 (24.65%) | 0.345 |
| Statins | 54 (36.00%) | 62 (28.31%) | 0.118 | 54 (36.00%) | 43 (22.46%) | 0.385 |
| Antiplatelets | 47 (31.33%) | 70 (31.96%) | 0.898 | 47 (31.33%) | 43 (31.16%) | 0.975 |
| CAC scores | 8.05 (0, 124.6) | 61.6 (0, 319.6) | 0.005 | 8.05 (0, 124.6) | 37.00 (0.00, 220.50) | 0.097 |
BMI: body mass index; DM: diabetes mellitus; GI: glucosidase inhibitors; HTN: hypertension; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; FBG: fasting blood glucose; Ca: calcium; P: phosphorus; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; DPP4: dipeptidyl peptidase-4; TZD: thiazolidinediones; PSM: propensity score match.