Table 1.
Patients' characteristics and comparison of groups with three main stroke types.
| All subjects (N = 240) | Large vessel stroke (N = 106) | Lacunar (N = 56) | Embolic (N = 55) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 72 ± 11 | 70 ± 12 | 70 ± 9 | 78±10∗∗∗,^^^ |
| Gender (men/women) | 109/131 | 49/57 | 33/23 | 17/38 |
| History of previous stroke (n/%) | 42/17.5 | 15/14.1 | 9/16.1 | 15/27.3 |
| Concomitant diseases | ||||
| Hypertension (n/%) | 203/84.6 | 88/83.0 | 48/85.7 | 50/90.9 |
| Coronary artery disease (n/%) | 69/28.8 | 32/30.2 | 9/16.1 | 22/40.0∗∗ |
| Valvular diseases (n/%) | 24/10.0 | 10/9.4 | 5/8.9 | 9/16.4 |
| Atrial fibrillation (AF) (n/%) | 70/29.2 | 14/13.2 | 5/8.9 | 47/85.4∗∗∗,^^^ |
| Antithrombotic agents in AF patients (n/%) | 23/32.9 | 4/28.6 | 0 | 19/40.4 |
| Symptomatic atherosclerosis (n/%) | 101/42.1 | 52/49.1 | 19/33.9 | 23/41.8 |
| Obesity (n/%) | 44/18.3 | 19/17.9 | 11/19.6 | 12/21.8 |
| Diabetes (n/%) | 84/35.0 | 37/34.9 | 19/33.9 | 23/41.8 |
| Hypercholesterolemia (n/%) | 107/44.6 | 49/46.2 | 29/51.8 | 23/41.8 |
| Statin therapy (n/%) | 92/38.3 | 41/38.7 | 18/32.1 | 25/45.4 |
| Active smokers (n/%) | 45/18.7 | 23/21.7 | 17/30.4 | 5/9.1∗∗ |
| The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale index (NIHSS-I) at admission | 9 ± 6 | 9 ± 6 | 6 ± 5 | 12±7∗∗∗ |
| Modified Rankin scale (mRS) at discharge (n/%) | ||||
| 0-1 (no significant disability) | 85/26.7 | 40/37.7 | 26/46.4 | 12/21.8 |
| 2 (mild disability) | 32/13.3 | 15/14.2 | 9/16.1 | 7/12.7 |
| 3 (moderate disability) | 36/15.0 | 11/10.4 | 11/19.6 | 9/16.4 |
| 4-5 (moderately severe and severe disability) | 63/26.2 | 31/29.2 | 7/12.5 | 20/36.4 |
| 6 (death) | 24/10.0 | 9/8.5 | 3/5.4 | 7/12.7 |
| One-year survival (n/%) | 167/75.0 | 79/74.5 | 49/87.5 | 39/70.9 |
| Two-year survival (n/%) | 96/70.0 | 52/68.5 | 17/87.5 | 27/63.0 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.1 ± 1.5 | 5.1 ± 1.4 | 5.2 ± 1.9 | 4.8 ± 1.3 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.2 ± 1.3 | 3.3 ± 1.1 | 3.8 ± 1.4 | 2.4±0.9∗∗∗,^^^ |
| HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 1.5 ± 0.3 | 1.4 ± 0.5 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.7 ± 1.0 | 1.7 ± 0.8 | 1.8 ± 1.2 | 1.3 ± 0.8 |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 89 ± 51 | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (mL/min/1. 73 m2) | 70 ± 25 | 73 ± 26 | 72 ± 23 | 61 ± 22^^ |
| eGFR < 60 mL/min/1. 73 m2 (n/%) | 86/35.8 | 31/29.2 | 20/35.7 | 29/52.7^^ |
| C-reactive protein (CRP) (mg/L) | 4.2 (1.8-9.3) | 5.1 (2.0-9.5) | 3.3 (1.4-8.4) | 3.5 (1.7-8.1) |
| Calcium (mg/dL) | 2.32 ± 0.20 | 2.31 ± 0.19 | 2.33 ± 0.20 | 2.24 ± 0.20 |
| Phosphorus (mg/dL) | 1.11 (0.96–1.33) | 1.09 (0.95-1.32) | 1.22 (0.96-1.48) | 1.11 (0.97-1.28) |
| Intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) (pg/mL) | 40.7 (26.7-56.4) | 39.0 (24.4-56.5) | 39.5 (21.7-63.0) | 42.2 (31.1-61.2) |
| iPTH > 65 pg/mL (n/%) | 48/20.0 | 19/17.9 | 14/25.0 | 12/21.8 |
| Intact fibroblast growth factor 23 (iFGF23) (pg/mL) | 50.0 (17.6-85.4) | 52.1 (21.6-92.2) | 66.7 (23.9-84.4) | 42.4 (18.5-71.7) |
| iFGF23 > 50 pg/mL (n/%) | 120/50.0 | 54/50.9 | 34/60.7 | 25/45.5 |
| 25-OH-D (ng/mL) | 9.9 ± 7.1 | 9.7 ± 6.9 | 11.1 ± 8.2 | 9.4 ± 6.6 |
| 25 − OH − D < 10 ng/mL (n/%) | 151/62.9 | 66/62.3 | 33/58.9 | 38/69.1 |
∗∗ p < 0.01; ∗∗∗p < 0.001 vs. lacunar stroke. ^^p < 0.01; ^^^p < 0.001 vs. large vessel stroke.