Table 3.
Oxidative stress patterns elicited by TCS.
| Model | Target | Response | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Biomarker | Molecular identity | ||
| Humans (pregnant women; children) | Urinary 8-OHdG | Oxidized deoxyguanosine; DNA damage | Upregulated by TCS |
|
| |||
| Nthy-ori 3-1 cells | ROS | Metabolic oxygen by-products | Upregulated by TCS |
| PBMC∗ | ROS | Upregulated by TCS | |
| Lipid peroxidation | Oxidized lipids | Upregulated by TCS | |
| Protein carbonylation | Oxidized proteins | Upregulated by TCS | |
|
| |||
| Y79 RB cells | Lipid peroxidation | Oxidized lipids | Upregulated by TCS |
|
| |||
| Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells | Nrf2 | Antioxidant regulator | Downregulated by TCS |
| Ho-1 | Antioxidant enzymes | Downregulated by TCS | |
| Nqo-1 | Downregulated by TCS | ||
|
| |||
| VM7Luc4E2 cells | ROS | Metabolic oxygen by-products | Upregulated by TCS |
|
| |||
| Mouse liver | O2– | Antioxidant enzymes | Upregulated by TCS |
| HO-1 | Upregulated by TCS | ||
| NQO-1 | Upregulated by TCS | ||
| GST | Upregulated by TCS | ||
|
| |||
| Weanling rats | MDA | Oxidized lipid marker | Upregulated by TCS |
| SOD | Antioxidant enzymes | Upregulated by TCS | |
| CAT | Downregulated by TCS | ||
|
| |||
| Female albino rat lung homogenates | Lipid peroxidation | Oxidized lipids | Upregulated by TCS |
| SOD | Antioxidants | Downregulated by TCS | |
| CAT | Downregulated by TCS | ||
| GSH | Downregulated by TCS | ||
|
| |||
| C57BL/6 mice liver | Gpx1 | Antioxidant enzyme; glutathione homeostasis | Upregulated by TCS |
| Aox1 | Superoxide and hydrogen peroxide formation | Upregulated by TCS | |
|
| |||
| Sprague-Dawley rat hypothalamus | MDA | Oxidized lipid marker | Upregulated by TCS |
| Gpx3 | Antioxidant enzyme; glutathione homeostasis | Downregulated by TCS | |
| Cat | Antioxidant enzymes | Downregulated by TCS | |
| Sod2 | Downregulated by TCS | ||
|
| |||
| Rat neural stem cells | ROS | Metabolic oxygen by-products | Upregulated by TCS |
| GSH | Antioxidant | Downregulated by TCS | |
|
| |||
| Mouse neocortical neurons | ROS | Metabolic oxygen by-products | Upregulated by TCS |
| Cyp1a1 | Cytochrome family enzymes; detoxification | Downregulated by TCS | |
| CYP1a1 | Downregulated by TCS | ||
| Cyp1b1 | Downregulated by TCS | ||
| Cyp1b1 | Upregulated by TCS | ||
| Sprague-Dawley rat liver | Cyp1a1 | Upregulated by TCS | |
| Cyp1a2 | Upregulated by TCS | ||
| Cyp2b1 | Upregulated by TCS | ||
| CYP2b1 | Upregulated by TCS | ||
| Cyp3a1 | Upregulated by TCS | ||
| Ugt2b1 | Glucuronidation enzymes; detoxification | Upregulated by TCS | |
| Ugt2b1 | Upregulated by TCS | ||
| Sult1e1 | Sulfation enzyme; detoxification | Upregulated by TCS | |
| Sult1e1 | Upregulated by TCS | ||
|
| |||
| C. elegans | ROS | Metabolic oxygen by-products | Upregulated by TCS |
| Skn1 | Stress response regulator | Upregulated by TCS | |
| SKN-1 | Downregulated by TCS | ||
| Gcs1 | Antioxidant enzymes | Downregulated by TCS | |
| Sod1 | Upregulated by TCS | ||
| Sod4 | Upregulated by TCS | ||
| Hsp-3 | Stress response; protein stabilization | Upregulated by TCS | |
| Hsp-4 | Upregulated by TCS | ||
| Hsp-16.2 | Upregulated by TCS | ||
| Hsp-70 | Upregulated by TCS | ||
| Cyp29A2 | Cytochrome family enzymes; detoxification | Upregulated by TCS | |
| Cyp34A9 | Upregulated by TCS | ||
| DAF-16 | Stress response | Upregulated by TCS | |
|
| |||
| E. fetida | MDA | Oxidized lipid marker | Upregulated by TCS |
| CAT | Antioxidant enzymes | Upregulated by TCS | |
| GST | Upregulated by TCS | ||
| SOD | Sensitive to TCS to TCS | ||
|
| |||
| A. fulica | MDA | Oxidized lipid marker | Upregulated by TCS |
| CAT | Antioxidant enzymes | Sensitive to TCS to TCS | |
| SOD | Downregulated by TCS | ||
| POD | Downregulated by TCS | ||
|
| |||
| ZFL liver cells | CYP1A | Cytochrome family enzyme; detoxification | Upregulated by TCS |
|
| |||
| D. rerio larvae | GPx | Antioxidant enzymes; glutathione homeostasis | Upregulated by TCS |
| GR | Downregulated by TCS | ||
| PRD-2 | Antioxidant enzyme | Downregulated by TCS | |
| Hsp-5 | Stress response; protein stabilization | Upregulated by TCS | |
| Hsp-90 β | Upregulated by TCS | ||
|
| |||
| D. magna | MDA | Oxidized lipid marker | Upregulated by TCS |
| CAT | Antioxidant enzymes | Sensitive to TCS to TCS | |
| EROD | Detoxification enzymes | Sensitive to TCS to TCS | |
| ERND | Sensitive to TCS to TCS | ||
| APND | Sensitive to TCS to TCS | ||
| Glutamine | Amino acids; markers of protein oxidation/breakdown | Upregulated by TCS | |
| Glutamate | Upregulated by TCS | ||
| Proline | Upregulated by TCS | ||
|
| |||
| D. polymorpha gills | Hsp-70 | Stress response; protein stabilization | Sensitive to TCS to TCS |
|
| |||
| U. tumidus digestive gland | GAPDH | Oxidoreductase; glucose metabolism | Sensitive to TCS to TCS |
| GSSG | Oxidized glutathione; antioxidant | Upregulated by TCS | |
| Oxyradicals | Oxygen-containing radicals; prooxidants | Downregulated by TCS | |
| Lipofuscin | Lysosomal pigment granules; toxicity marker | Downregulated by TCS | |
|
| |||
| T. japonicus | ROS | Metabolic oxygen by-products | Upregulated by TCS |
| Sod | Antioxidant enzymes | Sensitive to TCS to TCS | |
| SOD | Upregulated by TCS | ||
| Cat | Sensitive to TCS to TCS | ||
| Gst variants | Antioxidants; glutathione homeostasis | Sensitive to TCS to TCS | |
| GST | Upregulated by TCS | ||
| GPx | Upregulated by TCS | ||
| GSH | Upregulated by TCS | ||
| Cyp3026a3 | Cytochrome family enzymes; detoxification | Upregulated by TCS | |
| Cyp3037a1 | Upregulated by TCS | ||
|
| |||
| P. fulvidraco | MDA | Oxidized lipid marker | Sensitive to TCS to TCS |
| CAT | Antioxidant enzyme | Upregulated by TCS | |
| Gst | Antioxidant enzyme; glutathione homeostasis | Sensitive to TCS to TCS | |
| EROD | Detoxification enzymes | Upregulated by TCS | |
| ERND | Upregulated by TCS | ||
| APND | Upregulated by TCS | ||
| Cyp1a | Cytochrome family enzymes; detoxification | Sensitive to TCS to TCS | |
| Cyp3a | Sensitive to TCS to TCS | ||
|
| |||
| H. fossilis | CAT | Antioxidant enzymes | Upregulated by TCS |
| SOD | Upregulated by TCS | ||
| GSH | Antioxidants; glutathione homeostasis | Downregulated by TCS | |
| GST | Downregulated by TCS | ||
| GPx | Downregulated by TCS | ||
|
| |||
| C. auratus | MDA | Oxidized lipid marker | Upregulated by TCS |
| CAT | Antioxidant enzymes | Upregulated by TCS | |
| SOD | Downregulated by TCS | ||
| GSH | Antioxidant; glutathione homeostasis | Upregulated by TCS | |
|
| |||
| Brachionus koreanus | ROS | Metabolic oxygen by-products | Upregulated by TCS |
| Gst variants | Antioxidant enzyme; glutathione homeostasis | Sensitive to TCS to TCS | |
| Gpx | Sensitive to TCS to TCS | ||
| GST | Upregulated by TCS | ||
| Sod | Antioxidant enzymes | Sensitive to TCS to TCS | |
| Cat | Sensitive to TCS to TCS | ||
| Cyp3042a1 | Cytochrome family enzymes; detoxification | Sensitive to TCS to TCS | |
| Cyp43a1 | Sensitive to TCS to TCS | ||
| Hsp10 | Stress response; protein stabilization | Sensitive to TCS to TCS | |
| Hsp21 | Upregulated by TCS | ||
| Hsp27 | Upregulated by TCS | ||
| Hsp30 | Sensitive to TCS to TCS | ||
| Hsp40 | Sensitive to TCS to TCS | ||
| Hsp40h | Sensitive to TCS to TCS | ||
| Hsp60 | Sensitive to TCS to TCS | ||
| Hsp70 | Upregulated by TCS | ||
| Hsc70 | Upregulated by TCS | ||
| Hsp90α1 | Sensitive to TCS to TCS | ||
| Hsp90α2 | Sensitive to TCS to TCS | ||
| Hsp90β | Sensitive to TCS to TCS | ||
|
| |||
| B. gargarizans liver | Sod | Antioxidant enzyme | Downregulated by TCS |
| Phgpx | Antioxidant enzyme; glutathione homeostasis | Downregulated by TCS | |
| P. perezi larvae | GST | Upregulated by TCS | |
|
| |||
| R. philippinarum digestive gland | MDA | Oxidized lipid marker | Upregulated by TCS |
| CAT | Antioxidant enzymes | Sensitive to TCS to TCS | |
| SOD | Sensitive to TCS to TCS | ||
| GPx variants | Antioxidant enzymes; glutathione homeostasis | Sensitive to TCS to TCS | |
| GST | Sensitive to TCS to TCS | ||
| GR | Sensitive to TCS to TCS | ||
| EROD | Detoxification enzyme | Sensitive to TCS to TCS | |
|
| |||
| O. mykiss liver and kidney | Cat | Antioxidant enzymes | Downregulated by TCS |
| Sod | Upregulated by TCS | ||
| Gpx variants | Antioxidant enzymes; glutathione homeostasis | Upregulated by TCS | |
| Gsta | Upregulated by TCS | ||
| Hsp90bb | Stress response; protein stabilization | Upregulated by TCS | |
| Hsp90ba | Upregulated by TCS | ||
| Hsc70a | Upregulated by TCS | ||
|
| |||
| C. reinhardtii | ROS | Metabolic oxygen by-products | Upregulated by TCS |
| MDA | Oxidized lipid marker | Upregulated by TCS | |
| Sod | Antioxidant enzyme | Upregulated by TCS | |
| Gpx | Antioxidant enzyme; glutathione homeostasis | Upregulated by TCS | |
| R. rubrum S1H | Gpx | Upregulated by TCS | |
| GrxC | Antioxidant enzymes; glutathione homeostasis | Upregulated by TCS | |
| TrxB | Upregulated by TCS | ||
| OsmC | Antioxidant enzyme | Upregulated by TCS | |
| DnaJ | Heat shock protein; general stress marker | Upregulated by TCS | |
| RpoN | RNA polymerase factor sigma-54; general stress marker | Downregulated by TCS | |
| TerA | Tellurite resistance protein A; general stress marker | Upregulated by TCS | |
| Psp variants | Phage shock proteins; general stress markers | Sensitive to TCS to TCS | |
| ClpP | ATP-dependent protease, proteolytic subunit; general stress marker | Upregulated by TCS | |
| HrcA | Heat-inducible transcription suppressor; general stress marker | Upregulated by TCS | |
|
| |||
| E. coli K12, MG1655 | OxyR | ROS sensor proteins | Upregulated by TCS |
| Grx | Antioxidant enzymes; glutathione homeostasis | Upregulated by TCS | |
| Sod variants | Antioxidant enzymes | Upregulated by TCS | |
| Cat variants | Upregulated by TCS | ||
| Ahp variants | Antioxidant enzymes | Upregulated by TCS | |
|
| |||
| E. coli | ROS | Metabolic oxygen by-products | Upregulated by TCS |
| YgiW | Antioxidant proteins | Downregulated by TCS | |
| SoxS | Downregulated by TCS | ||
| YhcN | Downregulated by TCS | ||
Abbreviation: TrxB: thioredoxin; OsmC: peroxiredoxin osmotically inducible protein C-like. ∗Effects of 2,4-DCP, a by-product of TCS degradation.