Table 4.
Inflammatory and immune mediators responsive to TCS.
| Model | Target | Response | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Biomarker | Molecular identity | ||
| Human gingival fibroblasts | COX-1/2 | Inflammatory mediators | Downregulated by TCS |
| 5/15-LPO | Downregulated by TCS | ||
| PGE2 | Downregulated by TCS | ||
| PGI2 | Downregulated by TCS | ||
| Arachidonic acid | Downregulated by TCS | ||
| PLA2 | Downregulated by TCS | ||
| PGE synthase-1 | Downregulated by TCS | ||
| IFNγ | Immune/inflammatory cytokines | Downregulated by TCS | |
| IL-1β | Downregulated by TCS | ||
| MHC II | Cell surface proteins; adaptive immunity regulators | Downregulated by TCS | |
| Cox2 | Inflammatory mediator | Downregulated by TCS | |
| Il6 | Immune/inflammatory cytokines | Downregulated by TCS | |
| Il1b | Downregulated by TCS | ||
| Tlr6 | Innate immunity receptor | Upregulated by TCS | |
|
| |||
| Human primary oral epithelial cells | IL-8 | Immune/inflammatory cytokines | Downregulated by TCS |
| IL-1α | Downregulated by TCS | ||
| TNFα | Downregulated by TCS | ||
| miR146a | Transcriptional regulators of TLR response | Upregulated by TCS | |
| miR155s | Downregulated by TCS | ||
|
| |||
| Mouse skin and leukocytes | S100A8/A9 | Inflammatory modulator; Ca2+-binding protein | Upregulated by TCS |
| Tlr4 | Innate immunity receptors | Upregulated by TCS | |
| TLR4 | Upregulated by TCS | ||
| Tlr1 | Upregulated by TCS | ||
| Tlr2 | Upregulated by TCS | ||
| Tlr6 | Upregulated by TCS | ||
|
| |||
| Rat osteoblastic osteosarcoma cells | MMP-13 | Endopeptidase; collagen degradation | Downregulated by TCS |
|
| |||
| Human oral fluids | IL-1α | Immune/inflammatory cytokines | Downregulated by TCS |
| IL-1β | Sensitive to TCS | ||
| IL-8 | Sensitive to TCS | ||
| MCP-1 | Sensitive to TCS | ||
| TIMP-2 | MMP regulator proteins | Sensitive to TCS | |
| TIMP-1 | Downregulated by TCS | ||
| MMP-8/9 | Endopeptidases; extracellular matrix degradation | Downregulated by TCS | |
|
| |||
| Human urine | IL-6 | Immune/inflammatory cytokines | Upregulated by TCS |
| Sprague-Dawley rats | TNFα | Upregulated by TCS | |
| IL-6 | Upregulated by TCS | ||
|
| |||
| Human whole blood leukocytes | Csf2 | Hematopoietic stem cell growth and maintenance | Downregulated by TCS |
| Ifna1 | Immune/inflammatory cytokines | Downregulated by TCS | |
| Ifna2 | Downregulated by TCS | ||
| Ifna4 | Downregulated by TCS | ||
| Ifna8 | Downregulated by TCS | ||
| Il-1f10 | Downregulated by TCS | ||
| Il-1f5 | Downregulated by TCS | ||
| Il-1f7 | Downregulated by TCS | ||
| Il-1f8 | Downregulated by TCS | ||
| Il-1f9 | Downregulated by TCS | ||
| Il-6 | Downregulated by TCS | ||
| Il-11 | Downregulated by TCS | ||
| Il-13 | Downregulated by TCS | ||
| Il-25 | Downregulated by TCS | ||
| Il-19 | Downregulated by TCS | ||
| Il-21 | Downregulated by TCS | ||
| Il-9 | Downregulated by TCS | ||
| Cd70 | Cell surface receptor/ligand; activated lymphocytes | Downregulated by TCS | |
| Bmp2 | Growth factors; bone and cartilage development | Upregulated by TCS | |
| Bmp6 | Upregulated by TCS | ||
| Tnfrsf11b | TNFSF11 receptor | Downregulated by TCS | |
| Gdf3 | Growth/differentiation factors | Downregulated by TCS | |
| Gdf2 | Downregulated by TCS | ||
| Gdf5 | Downregulated by TCS | ||
| Gdf9 | Downregulated by TCS | ||
| Inhba | Hypothalamus-pituitary axis regulator | Downregulated by TCS | |
| Lefty2 | Left-right determination factor 2; left-right asymmetry of organs | Downregulated by TCS | |
|
| |||
| Sprague-Dawley rats | TNFα | Immune/inflammatory cytokine | Upregulated by TCS |
| IL-6 | Upregulated by TCS | ||
Abbreviation: MCP: monocyte chemoattractant protein; TIMP: tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase; Bmp: bone morphogenetic protein; Gdf: growth differentiation factor; Inhba: inhibin beta A chain.