Table 6.
TCS modulation of signaling pathways.
| Model | Target | Response | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pathways | TCS role | ||
| H460 cells | FAK/Akt | Cellular migration and invasion | Upregulated by TCS |
| Rac1 | Upregulated by TCS | ||
|
| |||
| JB6 Cl 41-5a cells | ERK1/2 | Cell proliferation | Upregulated by TCS |
| JNK | Upregulated by TCS | ||
| p38 | Upregulated by TCS | ||
| Akt | Upregulated by TCS | ||
| PI3K | Upregulated by TCS | ||
|
| |||
| Rat neural stem cells | JNK | Cytotoxicity and apoptosis | Upregulated by TCS |
| p38 | |||
| Upregulated by TCS | |||
| ERK | |||
| Akt | Downregulated by TCS | ||
| PI3K | Downregulated by TCS | ||
| Downregulated by TCS | |||
|
| |||
| Sprague-Dawley rats hypothalamus and Nthy-ori 3-1 cells | JNK | Reduced TPO; hypothyroidism | Upregulated by TCS |
| p38 | Upregulated by TCS | ||
|
| |||
| Whole blood leukocytes | Nik | Anti-inflammatory response | Downregulated by TCS |
| Cjun | Downregulated by TCS | ||
| Mouse osteoblastic osteocarcinoma | Fos | Downregulated by TCS | |
| Jun | Downregulated by TCS | ||
| Ap1 | Downregulated by TCS | ||
|
| |||
| BG-1 | ERα | Cell proliferation | Upregulated by TCS |
| MCF-7 cells | ERα∗ | Sensitive to TCS | |
| pIRS-1 | Upregulated by TCS | ||
| pAKT | Upregulated by TCS | ||
| pMEK1/2 | Upregulated by TCS | ||
| pERK1/2 | Upregulated by TCS | ||
| VM7Luc4E2 cells | Erα | Downregulated by TCS | |
| Ps2 | Upregulated by TCS | ||
| ERα | Downregulated by TCS | ||
| pS2 | Upregulated by TCS | ||
| miR-22 | Upregulated by TCS | ||
| miR-206 | Upregulated by TCS | ||
| miR-193b | Upregulated by TCS | ||
|
| |||
| Sheep placenta | E2 | Anti-estrogenicity | Downregulated by TCS |
| Estrogen sulfotransferase | Downregulated by TCS | ||
| BG1Luc4E2 cells | ER∗ | Downregulated by TCS | |
|
| |||
| Sprague-Dawley rats and GH3 cells | CaBP-9 k | Estrogenicity | Upregulated by TCS |
|
| |||
| LNCaP | AR | Androgenicity; cell proliferation, and migration | Upregulated by TCS |
|
| |||
| T47D-ARE cells | AR | Anti-androgenicity | Downregulated by TCS |
|
| |||
| H4L1.1c4 cells | AR | Pro(anti)-androgenicity | Sensitive to TCS |
|
| |||
| HepG2 cells | Acyl-coenzyme A oxidase | Blunted lipid metabolism | Downregulated by TCS |
|
| |||
| Hepa1c1c7 cells | Acyl-coenzyme A oxidase | Enhanced lipid metabolism and DNA synthesis | Upregulated by TCS |
| TGF-β | Antiapoptosis | Downregulated by TCS | |
|
| |||
| D. rerio | PPARα | Enhanced lipid metabolism | Upregulated by TCS |
| PPARγ | Upregulated by TCS | ||
| G. gallus embryo livers | PPARα | Upregulated by TCS | |
|
| |||
| ICR mice | Akt | Impaired glucose metabolism | Downregulated by TCS |
| mTOR | Downregulated by TCS | ||
|
| |||
| C57BL/6 mice | CAR | Tumorigenesis | Upregulated by TCS |
|
| |||
| HepG2 cells | CAR | Enhanced hepatic catabolism | Upregulated by TCS |
| PXR | Upregulated by TCS | ||
|
| |||
| Rodent FAO hepatoma cells | CAR | Reduced hepatic catabolism | Downregulated by TCS |
|
| |||
| Primary skeletal myotubes | Ca2+ | Diminished muscle contractility | Upregulated by TCS |
| RyR1 | Upregulated by TCS | ||
| P. promelas muscle homogenates | Ryr2 | Sensitive to TCS | |
| Ryr3 | Downregulated by TCS | ||
| RyR | Downregulated by TCS | ||
|
| |||
| Rat thymocytes | Ca2+ | Cell membrane hyperpolarization | Upregulated by TCS |
|
| |||
| RBL cells | Ca2+ | Mast cell degranulation | Downregulated by TCS |
|
| |||
| C. reinhardtii | Ca2+ | Dampened photosynthesis | Upregulated by TCS |
∗TCS is anti-estrogenic in the presence of E2.