Table 2.
High sodium intake predicted by sociodemography, clinical parameter, and dietary intake.
| Risk factors | High sodium intake | |
|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p value | |
| Sociodemographic | ||
| Age | 1.00 (1.00, 1.02) | 0.653 |
| Sex | ||
| Women | Reference | |
| Men | 2.14 (1.60, 2.88) | <0.001∗∗ |
| Marital status | ||
| Single | Reference | |
| Married | 0.92 (0.66, 1.28) | 0.619 |
| Ethnicity | ||
| Malay | Reference | |
| Chinese | 0.70 (0.38, 1.26) | 0.229 |
| Indian | 0.99 (0.43, 2.28) | 0.991 |
| Bumiputera Sabah | 0.90 (0.49, 1.64) | 0.733 |
| Bumiputera Sarawak | 0.25 (0.10, 0.63) | 0.003∗ |
| Education level | ||
| Secondary and below | Reference | |
| Form 6/diploma | 0.70 (0.49, 1.02) | 0.703 |
| College/university | 0.77 (0.53, 1.12) | 0.765 |
| Income | 1.00 | 0.644 |
| History of diabetes | ||
| No | Reference | |
| Yes | 1.51 (0.74, 3.09) | 0.254 |
| History of hypertension | ||
| No | Reference | |
| Yes | 1.17 (0.72,1.91) | 0.520 |
|
| ||
| Clinical parameter | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||
| Normal | Reference | |
| Overweight/obese | 1.69 (1.28, 2.23) | <0.001 |
| Abdominal obese | ||
| No | Reference | |
| Yes | 1.45 (1.10, 1.91) | 0.008∗ |
| Blood pressure (mmHg) | ||
| Systolic | 1.01 (1.00, 1.02) | 0.020∗ |
| Diastolic blood pressure | 1.01 (1.00, 1.02) | 0.068 |
| Dietary intake | ||
| Adjusted carbohydrate (g/day)† | 0.98 (0.86, 1.13) | 0.794 |
| Adjusted protein (g/day)† | 1.20 (1.01, 1.44) | 0.040∗ |
| Adjusted fat (g/day)† | 0.89 (0.77, 1.01) | 0.079 |
| Adjusted sodium (mg/day)† | 1.17 (1.01, 1.35) | 0.033∗ |
| Adjusted potassium (mg/day)† | 0.94 (0.82, 1.07) | 0.347 |
| Adjusted calcium (mg/day)† | 0.94 (0.82, 1.06) | 0.322 |
†Energy-adjusted value. ∗∗Significant at p value < 0.001. ∗Significant at p value < 0.05.