Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population
| Parameter | UW, median (lower; upper quartiles) | NW, median (lower; upper quartiles) | OW, median (lower; upper quartiles) | OB, median (lower; upper quartiles) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body height (cm) | 1.70 (1.64; 1.73) | 1.67 (1.61; 1.73) | 1.66 (1.60; 1.73) | 1.70 (1.64; 1.77) | E |
| Body weight (kg) | 44.50 (41.70; 48.28) | 55.80 (50.70; 61.01) | 70.30 (65.05; 76.30) | 91.10 (82.30; 102.65) | A-F |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 63.50 (60; 67.25) | 69.00 (65.00; 73.00) | 80 (75; 84) | 93.5 (87.38; 100) | A-F |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 84 (82.75; 86.25) | 91 (88; 94) | 100 (97; 103) | 110 (107; 115) | A-F |
| BMI (kg m-2) | 15.74 (15.36; 16.2) | 20.22 (18.74; 21.56) | 25.48 (24.58; 26.75) | 31.37 (29.49; 33.85) | A-F |
| BMI z-score | −1.43 (−1.51; −1.33) | −0.49 (−0.8; −0.21) | 0.62 (0.43; 0.88) | 1.85 (1.46; 2.37) | A-F |
| Body weight z-score | −1.2 (−1.38; −0.96) | −0.48 (−0.8; −0.14) | 0.46 (0.12; 0.84) | 1.8 (1.23; 2.54) | A-F |
| Waist circumference z-score | −0.97 (−1.29; −0.63) | −0.46 (−0.83; −0.1) | 0.55 (0.09; 0.91) | 1.79 (1.23; 2.39) | A-F |
| Hip circumference z-score | −1.23 (−1.37; −0.97) | −0.44 (−0.78; −0.09) | 0.59 (0.25; 0.93) | 1.72 (1.38; 2.29) | A-F |
| WHtR | 0.38 (0.36; 0.39) | 0.41 (0.39; 0.43) | 0.48 (0.46; 0.5) | 0.55 (0.52; 0.58) | A-F |
| WHR | 0.75 (0.71; 0.81) | 0.76 (0.73; 0.78) | 0.8 (0.77; 0.83) | 0.85 (0.81; 0.89) | B-F |
| BPS (mm Hg) | 116.5 (109.75; 121.25) | 115 (107; 123) | 122 (113; 133) | 131.5 (124; 144.25) | B-F |
| BPD (mmHg) | 70 (60.5; 78.25) | 65 (60; 70) | 67 (61; 73) | 71.5 (65; 77.25) | D, E |
| Pulse rate | 85 (76.5; 96.25) | 85 (75; 92) | 85 (77; 92.5) | 86 (76.75; 96) | NS |
| TP (g/L) | 78 (76.58; 83.05) | 79.9 (77; 82.9) | 79.9 (76.9; 82.75) | 80 (77.2; 83.03) | NS |
| Albumin, Alb (g/L) | 50.65 (48.78; 53.65) | 50.8 (48.9; 52.7) | 50.3 (48.65; 52.3) | 49.7 (47.7; 52.03) | C, E |
| ALT (U/L) | 9.5 (7.75; 11) | 10 (8; 13) | 13 (9; 19) | 25 (14; 39.25) | A-F |
| AST (U/L) | 14 (13; 15.25) | 15 (13; 17) | 16 (13; 19) | 19 (15; 25) | C, E, F |
| ALP (U/L) | 103.5 (70; 159.25) | 93 (76; 121) | 93 (75.5; 120.5) | 101 (81.75; 126.75) | NS |
| GGT (U/L) | 15 (11.75; 16) | 15 (12; 19) | 18 (14; 26) | 26 (19; 34.25) | B-F |
| BChE (U/L) | 7,351 (6661.25; 7891.75) | 7,709 (7014.5; 8,478) | 8,350 (7,610; 9217.5) | 9294.5 (8,463; 10,127.5) | B-F |
| PA1 (g/L) | 0.24 (0.21; 0.27) | 0.25 (0.22; 0.28) | 0.25 (0.22; 0.29) | 0.27 (0.23; 0.29) | C,E |
| BilT (mmol/L) | 16.8 (13.73; 22.9) | 13.3 (9.8; 17.3) | 12.8 (9.8; 16.25) | 12.25 (9.3; 16.23) | NS |
| CB (mmol/L) | 6.3 (5.2; 8.25) | 5.3 (3.8; 6.9) | 4.8 (3.5; 6.6) | 4.65 (3.5; 6.23) | NS |
| UCB (mmol/L) | 10.7 (7.93; 14.3) | 8.1 (5.9; 10.55) | 7.7 (6; 10) | 7.55 (5.65; 10.1) | NS |
| TBA (mmol/L) | 2.8 (2; 4.38) | 2.4 (1.4; 3.6) | 2 (1.15; 3.2) | 2 (1.3; 3.13) | B, D |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 4.3 (3.87; 4.55) | 4.28 (4; 4.56) | 4.28 (3.99; 4.58) | 4.31 (4; 4.64) | NS |
| TG (mmol/L) | 0.67 (0.53; 0.88) | 0.71 (0.53; 0.96) | 0.81 (0.58; 1.07) | 1.04 (0.75; 1.44) | C, E, F |
| TC (mmol/L) | 3.9 (3.43; 4.32) | 3.84 (3.41; 4.3) | 3.95 (3.46; 4.45) | 4.25 (3.82; 4.7) | C, E, F |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.42 (1.12; 1.73) | 1.34 (1.17; 1.54) | 1.24 (1.1; 1.47) | 1.13 (0.99; 1.26) | B-E |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.94 (1.69; 2.53) | 2.05 (1.71; 2.43) | 2.19 (1.81; 2.55) | 2.54 (2.16; 2.85) | B, C, E, F |
| ApoA1 (g/L) | 1.39 (1.21; 1.49) | 1.33 (1.22; 1.46) | 1.26 (1.16; 1.4) | 1.24 (1.13; 1.34) | B-E |
| ApoB (g/L) | 0.58 (0.49; 0.7) | 0.6 (0.52; 0.7) | 0.66 (0.56; 0.75) | 0.76 (0.64; 0.86) | B-F |
| MetS (n/N,%) | 0/122 (0.0%) | 2/732 (0.3%) | 10/188 (5.3%) | 59/194 (30.4%) | B-F |
Note: *P=Kruskal–Wallis multiple-comparison Z value test. P-values <0.05 were considered statistically significant: A=UW vs NW, B=UW vs OW, C=UW vs OB, D=NW vs OW, E=NW vs OB, F=OW vs OB.
Abbreviations: UW, underweight group; NW, normal weight group; OW, overweight group; OB, obese group; BMI, body mass index; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio; WHtR, waist-to-height ratio; BPS, systolic blood pressure; BPD, diastolic blood pressure; TP, total protein; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; PA1, pre-albumin; BilT, total bilirubin; CB, conjugated bilirubin; UCB, un-conjugated bilirubin; TBA, total bile acid; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; TG, triglycerides; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; ApoA1, apolipoprotein A1; AopB, apolipoprotein B.