Table 1. Studies including the TNF-superfamily triad members TRAIL/OPG/TWEAK as biomarkers and/or therapeutic targets in renal pathological conditions (reported on www.clinicaltrials.gov).
| Disease pathological conditions | Study type | TNF-superfamily member | Intervention(s) | Phase | Status | Study ID |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CKD | Int. | OPG levels (biomarker) | Plasma OPG level; FGF-23 level; vascular calcification score | na | R | NCT02808572 |
| CKD | Int. | OPG levels (biomarker) | Plasma OPG level; FGF-23 level; vascular calcification score | na | R | NCT02813642 |
| Renal failure, haemodialysis | Int. | OPG levels (biomarker) | Low molecular weigth heparin; unfractioned heparin | na | U | NCT00669721 |
| Vitamin D Def., vascular calcification, ESRF, peritoneal dialysis | Int. | OPG levels (biomarker) | Cholecalciferol; placebo | IV | A | NCT02598635 |
| Chronic renal failure | Obs. | OPG levels (biomarker) | Identification of CV risk factors linked to renal failure progression | na | Unk | NCT00608998 |
| Renal transplant | Int. | OPG levels (biomarker) | Zortress, everolimus | na | With. | NCT01612299 |
| Renal insufficiency, CKD, hyperphosphatemia bone diseases | Int. | OPG levels (biomarker) | Lanthanum carbonate; calcium carbonate | IV | E | NCT02237534 |
| Kidney failure, chronic haemodialysis | Int. | OPG levels (biomarker) | Apabetalone; placebos | I-II | A* | NCT03160430 |
| Clear-cell, metastatic renal cell carcinoma, bone metastases | Int. | OPG levels (biomarker) | XOFIGO radium-223 dichloride | I-II | A | NCT02880943 |
| Chronic kidney failure; inflammation vascular calcification | Obs. | OPG levels (biomarker) | Vascular calcification’s risk factors in haemodialysis patients | na | C | NCT00694824 |
| Fabry disease | Int. | OPG levels (biomarker) | RVX000222 | I-II | A | NCT03228940 |
| Osteoporosis and CKD | Int. | OPG levels (biomarker) | Denosumab; placebo | IV | A* | NCT02792413 |
| Renal cell carcinoma | Obs. | OPG levels (biomarker) | Assessment of bone biomarkers for TKI response in RCC with bone metastases, HRQoL and comparison of imaging techniques | na | T | NCT02747173 |
| Renal transplantation, immunosuppression | Int. | OPG levels (biomarker) | Everolimus | IV | Unk | NCT01239472 |
| Renal cancer | Int. | TRAIL (therapeutic) | T-cells transduced with T-cell receptor recognizing TRAIL bound to the DR4 | I/II | T | NCT00923390 |
| Diabetic patients with proteinuria | Int. | TWEAK levels (biomarker) | Calcium channel blocker amlodipine | IV | C | NCT01738945 |
| Diabetes, hypertension proteinuria | Int. | TWEAK levels (biomarker) | Renin angiotensin system blockage, calcium channel blocker amlodipine; valsartan | IV | C | NCT00921570 |
| Lupus nephritis | Int. | TWEAK (therapeutic) | BIIB023 anti TWEAK monoclonal antibody; mycophenolate mofetil; oral corticosteroids | II | T | NCT01930890 |
| Lupus nephritis | Int. | TWEAK (therapeutic) | BIIB023 anti TWEAK monoclonal antibody; placebo; mycophenolate mofetil; oral corticosteroids | II | T | NCT01499355 |
| Advanced solid tumours | Int. | Anti Fn14 (therapeutic) | PDL192 anti-TWEAKR monoclonal antibody | I | C | NCT00738764 |
A: active; C: completed; T: terminated; Int: interventional; Obs: observational; With: withdrawn; R: recruiting; Unk: unknown; *: not recruiting yet; na.: not available (accessed November 2018).