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. 2019 May 13;14:3491–3502. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S193192

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© 2019 Liu et al.

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Schematic representation of inhibitory mechanism of nano-β-TCP on hepatocellular carcinoma. Intratumor injection of nano-β-TCP was performed on the xenograft hepatocellular carcinoma model. Nano-β-TCP was internalized into tumor cells by nonspecific endocytosis and rapidly degraded in the acidic lysosome to release Ca²⁺ and PO₄^3- ions (①). Cell apoptosis was activated by extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis pathways synergistically orchestrated with the ROS generation (②). In addition, the expression of some related cyclins (CyclinD1, CDK2, CyclinE, and β-catenin) was inhibited, eventually leading to cell cycle blocking in G0/G1 phase (③).