Table 6.

Comparison of CGAs and caffeine contents with the results of other studies.

Source	Caffeine		Total CGAs		Caffeine/CGAs ratio		Country of study	Study
	(mg/serving)		(mg/serving)
	Median	Range	Median	Range	Median	Range
Instant coffees	32.3	8.7–74.2	36.7	23.7–71.2	1.1	0.7–3.8	Republic of Korea	This study
	58	48–88	64a	35–152	1	0.4–2.2	United Kingdom	Ludwig et al. [31]
	–	–	50.7	37.0–121.3	–	–	United Kingdom	Mills et al. [26]
Espresso coffees	–	–	126a	24–423	–	–	United Kingdom	Crozier et al. [12]
Espresso coffeesb	100	66–276	59a	6–157	1.8	0.8–11.0	United Kingdom	Ludwig et al. [31]
Americano coffeesc	174.2	91.7–213.3	115	31–172.4	1.7	0.9–4.3	Republic of Korea	This study
Ground coffees	100.9	68.4–136.9	136.1	27–291.7	0.7	0.4–4.6	Republic of Korea	This study
	–	–	55.6	27.3–94.5	–	–	United Kingdom	Mills et al. [26]
	1281.6d	927.9–2009.0d	1869.6d	219.0–4245.17d	0.7	0.2–9.2e	Panama	Vega A et al. [39]

^aTotal CQAs (3-CQA, 4-CQA, and 5-CQA).

^bScotland espresso.

^cSold at coffee shops.

^dUnits of mg/100 g.

^eIn the original article, this was expressed as the CGAs/caffeine ratio. The value of 0.2–9.2 was the result of recalculation as the caffeine/CGAs ratio from the data in the original article.