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. 2019 May 14;11:100170. doi: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2019.100170

Fig. 4.

Fig. 4

BCAA activate the PGC1A/FNDC5 pathway known to activate BDNF signaling in the hippocampus (A) BCAA restore control hippocampal levels of PGC1a and FNDC5 in animals subjected to CSDS. Representative Western blot image depicting hippocampal PGC1a and FNDC5 in control, defeat, defeat + Leu, defeat + Ile and defeat + Val mice. (B) Quantification of the PGC1A western blots. Statistical significance was measured by the unpaired t-test. Significance was measured versus defeat * p < 0.05. The n of hippocampi analyzed are 3 for control + saline, defeat + saline, defeat + Leu, defeat + Ile and defeat + Val groups respectively. Defeat + saline vs control = saline: p = 0.0102 and df = 4, defeat + saline vs defeat + Leu: p = 0.0063 and df = 4, defeat + saline vs defeat + Ile: p = 0.0175 and df = 4 and defeat + saline vs defeat + Val: p = 0.0213 and df = 4 (C) Quantification of the FNDC5 western blots. Statistical significance was measured by the unpaired t-test. Significance was measured versus defeat * p < 0.05. The n of hippocampi analyzed are 4,4,3,3, and 3 for control + saline, defeat + saline, defeat + Leu, defeat + Ile and defeat + Val groups respectively. Defeat vs control: p = 0.1572 and df = 6, defeat vs defeat + Leu: p = 0.0226 and df = 5, defeat vs defeat + Ile: p = 0.0226 and df = 5 and defeat vs defeat + Val: p = 0.0090 and df = 5. (D) VWR and intraperitoneal injections of Ile alone or combined reverse the chronic social defeat phenotype as shown by the increase in the time spent in interaction zone of the social interaction test. Statistical significance was measured by 1way Anova followed by Dunnett's multiple comparison test. Significance was measured versus the defeat groups. *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01. The n numbers for the control + saline, exercise + saline, defeat + saline, defeat + Exercise (Ex), defeat + Ile and defeat + Ex + Ile are 7, 6, 7, 8, 3 and 4 respectively. Defeat + saline vs control + saline: p = 0.0013, defeat + saline vs Ex + saline: p = 0.0244, defeat + saline vs defeat + Ex + saline: p = 0.0090, defeat + saline vs defeat + Ile: p = 0.0375 and defeat + saline vs defeat + Ex + Ile: p = 0.0071.