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. 2017 Sep 1;5(3):31. doi: 10.3390/jintelligence5030031

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© 2017 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Cross-lagged panel model of intelligence measured by the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition (WISC-IV) and achievement in reading (upper panel) and math (lower panel) for 337 students twice tested for special education eligibility across a 2.85 year interval. Note: VC = Verbal Comprehension Index, PR = Perceptual Reasoning Index, WM = Working Memory Index, PS = Processing Speed Index, g = General Intelligence, R = reading factor, Read = reading composite score, M = math factor, and Math = mathematics composite score. Numerical subscript indicates test (time 1) or retest (time 2) occasion. Standardized coefficients with error/disturbance terms omitted for visual clarity. Nonsignificant paths are dotted.