Table 1. Included Study Samples and Task Descriptions.

Author	N	Age	Data	Population	Task	Valence	Task-relevance	Imaging
Note. The effect sizes for the studies represented in Table 1 are summarized in two separate forest plots (Figure S1A and B) in the online supplementary materials. Age = Average age of the study participants; Data = type of data extracted from the study (i.e., accuracy, RT = reaction time, or both); Population = Participant sample included (i.e., healthy, psychopathology, denoted as 1; or neurological disorder and altered neurological state group, denoted as 2); Task = task design reported in the study; Valence = valence of the affective stimuli (i.e., negative and/or positive); Task-relevance = task-relevance of affective stimuli (i.e., task-irrelevant distractors or task-relevant targets); Imaging = this column states “Reported” for studies that included neuroimaging data on the affective WM task and an asterisk (*) indicates that the study was included in the neuroimaging meta-analysis. DR = data requested from the authors; PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder; PD = personality disorder; DMTS = delayed-match-to-sample task; S. span = simple span tasks; C. span = complex span tasks; D. n-back = dual n-back; + means that study included several experiments with different tasks including the n-back task, AX-CPT = AX continuous performance task required the continuous updating of cue and probes with distractors presented in between the presentation of cues and distractors.
a Women with reported child abuse were included in the psychopathology and analogue group due to high levels of depression and anxiety symptoms. b Women with reported childhood stressors (other than abuse) were included in the healthy group due to nonclinical levels of self-reported depression and anxiety symptoms. c We included these participants in the psychopathology and analogue group, however, as they were currently asymptomatic we also ran all analyses with them classified as healthy, which did not change the pattern of results. d Authors had no longer access to the behavioral data. e In consultation with the authors no accuracy data were included for studies administering the internal shift task as this measure assess accuracy on a block rather than trial basis leading to frequent missing data and accuracy scores that are not directly comparable with other measures of WM (correspondence with Koster is available upon request). f We included only the neuroimaging data from this study as the authors did not reply to our request for behavioral data before our analysis deadline. g The study compared WM for face and houses with faces constituting the emotional condition. h There was no distraction in the delay interval; however, the probe was only an extract of the sample requiring active reconstruction of the original stimulus and was therefore included. i RT data included in Pallesen, Brattico, Bailey, Korvenoja, and Gjedde (2009).
Amir and Bomyea (2011)	32	31	RT	Generalized and social phobia	C. span	Negative	Task-relevant
	30	29		Healthy
Anticevic, Repovs, and Barch (2010)DR	21	25	Both	Healthy	DMTS	Negative	Task-irrelevant	Reported*
Anticevic, Repovs, Corlett, and Barch (2011)	24	37	Both	Healthy	DMTS	Negative	Task-irrelevant
	28	36		Schizophrenia1
Artuso, Palladino, and Ricciardelli (2012)DR	20	23	Both	Healthy	S. span	Negative and positive	Task-relevant
Bakvis, Spinhoven, Putman, Zitman, and Roelofs (2010)DR	20	31	Accuracy	Healthy	n-back	Negative and positive	Task-irrelevant
	19	35		Psychogenic seizures2
Becerril and Barch (2011)DR	32	36	Both	Healthy	n-back	Negative and positive	Task-relevant	Reported*
	38	37		Schizophrenia1
Beckwé, Deroost, Koster, De Lissnyder, and De Raedt (2014)	84	19	RTe	Healthy	S. span	Negative	Task-relevant
Belham et al. (2013)	27	21	Both	Healthy	S. span	Negative and positive	Task-relevant
	25	70		Healthy
Beneventi, Barndon, Ersland, and Hugdahl (2007)DR	12	24	Imagingd	Healthy	n-back	Negative and positive	Task-relevant	Reported*
Berger et al. (2015)	12	78	Both	Healthy	n-back	Negative	Task-irrelevant	Reported
	12	74		Alzheimer’s disease2
Bertocci et al. (2012)	23	32	Both	Depression1	n-back	Negative and positive	Task-relevant	Reported
	18	30		Bipolar disorder1
	16	33		Healthy
Bertocci et al. (2014)	22	14	Both	Mixed diagnoses with high emotional dysregulation1	n-back	Negative and positive	Task-relevant	Reported
	39	14		Mixed diagnoses with low emotional dysregulation1
	24	13		Healthy
Borella, Carretti, Grassi, Nucci, and Sciore (2014)	93	69	Accuracy	Healthy	C. span	Negative and positive	Task-relevant
	63	26		Healthy
Borg, Leroy, Favre, Laurent, and Thomas-Antérion (2011)DR	28	53	Accuracy	Healthy	S. span	Negative	Task-relevant
	14	81		Alzheimer’s disease2
Brunyé, Howe, Walker, and Mahoney (2013)DR	13	20	Both	Healthy	DMTS	Negative	Task-irrelevant
Buratto, Pottage, Brown, Morrison, and Schaefer (2014)	40	24	Both	Healthy	n-back	Negative medium and high intensity	Task-irrelevant
	40	20		Healthy
Burhan et al. (2016)	10	73	Both	Mild cognitive impairment2	DMTS	Negative	Task-irrelevant	Reported
	12	66		Healthy
Chuah et al. (2010)	24	22	Both	Healthy	DMTS	Negative	Task-irrelevant	Reported*
	24	22		Sleep-deprived2
Colligan and Koven (2015)	93	19	RT	Healthy	S. span	Negative and positive	Task-relevant
Cromheeke, Herpoel, and Mueller (2014)	17	20	Both	Childhood abuse1,a	DMTS	Negative and positive	Task-relevant
	17	20		Childhood stressorsb
	17	20		Healthy
Cromheeke and Mueller (2016)DR	33	14	Both	Healthy	n-back	Negative and positive	Task-relevant
	37	21		Healthy
Dai, Rahman, Lau, Sook Kim, and Deldin (2015)	34	19	RT	Healthy	n-back	Negative and positive	Task-relevant
	33	19		Dysphoric
De Lissnyder, Koster, and De Raedt (2012)	37	20	RTe	Healthy	S. span	Negative	Task-relevant
De Lissnyder et al. (2012)	20	45	RTe	Healthy	S. span	Negative	Task-relevant
	20	40		Depression1	S. span	Negative	Task-relevant
De Lissnyder et al. (2012)DR	50	19	RTe	Healthy	S. span	Negative	Task-relevant
Demeyer, De Lissnyder, Koster, and De Raedt (2012)	30	47	RTe	Depression remitted1, c	S. span	Negative	Task-relevant
Denkova et al. (2010)	18	23	Accuracy	Healthy	DMTS	Negative	Task-irrelevant	Reported*
Diaz et al. (2011)DR	17	24	Both	Healthy	DMTS	Negative	Task-irrelevant	Reported*
	11	33		Schizophrenia1
Doallo, Holguín, and Cadaveira (2006)DR	10	26	Both	Healthy	DMTS	Negative	Task-irrelevant
Döhnel et al. (2008)DR	16	63	Both	Healthy	n-back	Negative and positive	Task-relevant	Reported*
	16	63		Mild cognitive impairment2
Dolcos and McCarthy (2006)DR	18	22	Accuracy	Healthy	DMTS	Negative	Task-irrelevant	Reported*
Dolcos, Kragel, Wang, and McCarthy (2006)	15	22	Accuracy	Healthy	DMTS	Negative	Task-irrelevant	Reported*
Dolcos, Diaz-Granados, Wang, and McCarthy (2008)	14	25	Accuracy	Healthy	DMTS	Negative	Task-irrelevant	Reported*
Dolcos et al. (2013)DR	17	27	Accuracy	Healthy	DMTS	Negative	Task-irrelevant	Reported*
Edelstein (2006)	255	—	Accuracy	Healthy	C. span	Negative and positive (mixed) and attachment-related words	Task-relevant
Erk, Kleczar, and Walter (2007)	12	25	Both	Healthy	Sternberg	Negative	Task-irrelevant	Reported*
Evans, Craig, Oliver, and Drobes (2011)	24	30	RT	Smokers	n-back	Smoking cues	Task-relevant
	16	28		Healthy
Fairfield, Mammarella, and Di Domenico (2015)DR	40	22	Accuracy	Healthy	S. span	Negative and positive	Task-relevant
Fairfield et al. (2015)	35	25	Both	Healthy	n-back	Positive	Task-relevant
	35	70		Healthy
Fales, Becerril, Luking, and Barch (2010)DR	29	36	Both	Healthy	n-back	Negative and positive	Task-relevant	Reported*
Ferré (2002)	21	22	Accuracy	Healthy	S. span	Negative and positive (mixed)	Task-relevant
García-Pacios, Del Río, and Maestú (2014)DR	34	22	Accuracy	Healthy	DMTS	Negative	Task-irrelevant
García-Pacios, Del Río, Villalobos, Ruiz-Vargas, and Maestú (2015)DR	30	21	Both	Healthy	DMTS	Negative and positive	Task-irrelevant
	43	22		Healthy
	26	21		Healthy
García-Pacios et al. (2015)DR	15	20	Accuracy	Healthy	DMTS	Negative and positive	Task-irrelevant
Gathmann, Pawlikowski, Schöler, and Brand (2014)	194	27	Both	Healthy	n-back	Negative and positive	Task-relevant
Giles et al. (2015)	36	20	Both	Healthy	DMTS	Negative	Task-irrelevant
	36	20		Healthy
Gläscher, Rose, and Büchel (2007)DR	23	24	Both	Healthy	n-back	Negative	Task-relevant	Reported*
González-Garrido, López-Franco, Gómez-Velázquez, Ramos-Loyo, and Sequeira (2015)	20	26	Both	Healthy	S. span	Negative and positive	Task-relevant
Gonzalez-Garrido et al. (2007)	14	29	Both	Healthy	DMTS	Negative and positive	Task-irrelevant
Gooding and Tallent (2003)	39	19	Both	Healthy	DMTS	Negative	Task-relevant
	43	19		Social anhedonia1,c
Gooding and Tallent (2004)	36	58	Both	Schizophrenia and	DMTS	Negative	Task-relevant
				Schizoaffective disorder1
	29	41		Healthy
Goolsby, Shapiro, and Raymond (2009)	34	24	Both	Healthy	DMTS	g	Task-relevant
Gotoh (2012)	26	21	Accuracy	Healthy	S. span	Negative and positive	Task-relevant
Grecucci, Soto, Rumiati, Humphreys, and Rotshtein (2010)DR	12	24	Both	Healthy	DMTS	Negative and positive	Task-irrelevant
Grimm et al. (2015)DR	541	46	Accuracy	Healthy	n-back	Negative and positive	Task-relevant
Grimm, Weigand, Kazzer, Jacobs, and Bajbouj (2012)DR	20	24	Both	Healthy	n-back	Negative and positive	Task-relevant	Reported*
Hadley and MacKay (2006)	28	20	Accuracy	Healthy	S. span	Negative	Task-relevant
Han et al. (2016)	20	26	Both	Obsessive-compulsive disorder	DMTS	Negative	Task-irrelevant	Reported*
	21	23		Healthy
Hubbard, Hutchison, Hambrick, and Rypma (2016)DR	53		Accuracy	Healthy	C. span	Negative	Task-irrelevant
	31			Dysphoric1, c
Hubbard et al. (2016)DR	45		Accuracy	Healthy	C. span	Negative	Task-irrelevant
	30			Dysphoric1, c
Iordan, Dolcos, Denkova, and Dolcos (2013)DR	36	23	Accuracy	Healthy	DMTS	Negative	Task-irrelevant	Reported*
Joormann, Levens, and Gotlib (2011)	27	38	RT	Healthy	S. span	Negative and positive	Task-relevant
	26	47		Depression1
Kellermann et al. (2012)	36	25	Accuracy	Healthy	S. span	Negative and positive	Task-irrelevant	Reported*
Kensinger and Corkin (2003)	178	24	Both	Healthy	+	Negative and positive	Task-relevant
Kerestes et al. (2012)	20	36	Both	Healthy	n-back	Negative and positive	Task-relevant	Reported*
	19	34		Remitted depression1, c
Kessel et al. (2016)	23	22	Both	Healthy	n-back	Negative and positive	Task-relevant
King and Schaefer (2011)	73	22	Both	Healthy	DMTS	Negative	Task-irrelevant
Kopf, Dresler, Reicherts, Herrmann, and Reif (2013)	30	24	Accuracy	Healthy	n-back	Negative and positive	Task-relevant
Koster, De Lissnyder, and De Raedt (2013)DR	30	21	RTe	Healthy	S. span	Negative	Task-relevant
	40	19		Healthy	S. span	Negative	Task-relevant
Krämer, Mohammadi, Doñamayor, Samii, and Münte (2010)	17	28	Imaging	Healthy	DMTS	Negative	Task-relevant	Reported*
Krause-Utz et al. (2012)	22	28	Both	Borderline PD1	Sternberg	Negative	Task-irrelevant	Reported*
	22	27		Healthy
Krause-Utz et al. (2014)	28	31	Both	Borderline PD1	Sternberg	Negative	Task-irrelevant
	28	31		Healthy
Ladouceur et al. (2005)	17	12	Both	Anxiety disorders1	n-back	Negative and positive	Task-irrelevant
	16	15		Depression1
	24	13		Anxiety and depression1
	18	12		Healthy
Ladouceur et al. (2009)	26	16	Both	Healthy	n-back	Negative and positive	Task-irrelevant
	31	15		High trait anxiety1
Ladouceur et al. (2013)	16	14	Both	High risk bipolar disorder1	n-back	Negative and positive	Task-irrelevant	Reported*
	15	14		Healthy
Laier, Schulte, and Brand (2013)	28	26	Both	Healthy	n-back	Negative, positive high arousal and positive low arousal	Task-relevant
Lamm, Pine, and Fox (2013)DR	32	20	Both	Healthy	AX-CPT	Negative	Task-irrelevant
LeMoult, Carver, Johnson, and Joormann (2015)	167	18	Accuracy	Healthy	C. span	Negative	Task-relevant
Levens and Gotlib (2010)	29	37	Both	Healthy	n-back	Negative and positive	Task-relevant
	29	42		Depression1
Levens and Gotlib (2012)	40	—	Both	Healthy	n-back	Negative and positive	Task-relevant
Levens and Gotlib (2015)	24	37	Both	Healthy	n-back	Negative and positive	Task-relevant
	23	41		Remitted depression1, c
Li, Li, and Luo (2006)DR	15	22	Both	Healthy	n-back	Negative	Task-irrelevant
Li et al. (2009)	23	15	Imaging	Healthy	n-back	Negative	Task-irrelevant	Reported*
	33	15		Prenatal cocaine exposure2
Lim, Bruce, and Aupperle (2014)	38	31	Accuracy	Healthy	DMTS	Negative	Task-relevant
Lindström and Bohlin (2011)	55	24	Accuracy	Healthy	n-back	Negative and positive	Task-relevant
Luciana, Burgund, Berman, and Hanson (2001)	19	22	Accuracy	Healthy	DMTSh	Negative	Task-relevant
Luksys et al. (2015)	1,239	—	Accuracy	Healthy	S. span	Negative and positive (DR)	Task-relevant
	526	22		Healthy
MacLean, Nichols, LeBreton, and Wilson (2016)	17	27	Accuracy	Healthy	DMTS	Positive	Task-irrelevant
MacNamara, Ferri, and Hajcak (2011)	45	—	Both	Healthy	S. span	Negative	Task-irrelevant
MacNamara, Schmidt, Zelinsky, and Hajcak (2012)DR	16	—	Accuracy	Healthy	S. span	Negative	Task-irrelevant
MacNamara and Proudfit (2014)DR	35	24	Accuracy	Healthy	S. span	Negative	Task-irrelevant
	71	24		Generalized anxiety disorder1
Mammarella et al. (2012)	22	46	Accuracy	Schizophrenia	C. span	Negative and positive	Task-relevant
	22	44		Healthy
Mammarella, Borella, Carretti, Leonardi, and Fairfield (2013)DR	35	25	Accuracy	Healthy	C. span	Negative and positive	Task-relevant
	37	65		Healthy
	37	78		Healthy
Mammarella et al. (2016)	91	21	Accuracy	Healthy	C. span	Negative and positive	Task-relevant
	121	20		Healthy
Mano et al. (2013)	60	22	RT	Healthy	DMTS	Negative and positive	Task-irrelevant
	29	19		Healthy
Marx et al. (2011)	40	25	Both	Healthy	n-back	Negative	Task-irrelevant
	39	29		ADHD1
Marx, Krause, Berger, and Häßler (2014)DR	30	30	Both	Healthy	n-back	Negative	Task-irrelevant
	16	33		Alcohol dependence1
	22	28		ADHD1
Mather et al. (2006)DR	46	18	Both	Healthy	S. span	Negative	Task-relevant	Reported*
Meule, Skirde, Freund, Vögele, and Kübler (2012)	56	24	Both	Healthy	n-back	Positive	Task-relevant
Mikels, Larkin, Reuter-Lorenz, and Cartensen (2005)	40	48	Accuracy	Healthy	n-back	Negative and positive	Task-relevant
Mikels, Reuter-Lorenz, Beyer, and Fredrickson (2008)DR	64	20	Accuracy	Healthy	n-back	Negative	Task-relevant
Mitchell, Mather, Johnson, Raye, and Greene (2006)	19	21	Accuracy	Healthy	S. span	Negative	Task-relevant	Reported*
Moon and Jeong (2015)	18	37	Both	Generalized anxiety disorder	DMTS	Negative	Task-irrelevant	Reported
	18	37		Healthy
Moreno et al. (2015)	20	27	RTe	Healthy	S. span	Negative	Task-relevant
	20	32		Depression1
	20	27		Healthy after tDCS2
	20	32		Depression after tDCS1
Morey et al. (2009)DR	20	34	Accuracy	Healthy	DMTS	Negative	Task-irrelevant	Reported*
	22	34		PTSD1
Morey et al. (2011)DR	20	37	Both	Healthy				Reported
	22	31		PTSD1
Mueller et al. (2015)DR	22	13	Both	Healthy	DMTS	Negative	Task-relevant
	33	12		Anxiety disorder
Mullin et al. (2012)	22	32	Both	Bipolar disorder1	n-back	Negative and positive	Task-irrelevant	Reported
	19	33		Healthy
Neta and Whalen (2011)DR	18	19	Both	Healthy	n-back	Negative and positive	Task-relevant	Reported*
Noreen and Ridout (2010)DR	22	23	Accuracy	Healthy	DMTS	Negative and positive	Task-relevant
	29	23		Dysphoric1
Oei, Tollenaar, Spinhoven, and Elzinga (2009)	27	20	Both	Healthy	Sternberg	Negative	Task-irrelevant
	27	22		Hydrocortisone administration2
Oei, Tollenaar, Elzinga, and Spinhoven (2010)	27	20	Both	Healthy	Sternberg	Negative	Task-irrelevant
	27	20		Propranolol administration2
Oei et al. (2012)	16	24	Both	Healthy	Sternberg	Negative	Task-irrelevant	Reported*
	16	24		Stress induction2
Onraedt and Koster (2014)	45	21	Both	Healthy	n-back	Negative and positive	Task-relevant
Osaka, Yaoi, Minamoto, and Osaka (2013)DR	26	24	Imagingf	Healthy	S. span	Negative and positive	Task-relevant	Reported*
Pallesen, Brattico, Bailey, Korvenoja, and Gjedde (2009)DR	10	25	Accuracyi	Healthy	n-back	Negative and positive	Task-relevant	Reported*
Pallesen et al. (2010)	21	25	RT	Healthy	n-back	Negative and positive	Task-relevant
Park, Kim, Jeong, Chung, and Yang (2016)	15	36	Accuracy	Generalized anxiety disorder	DMTS	Negative	Task-irrelevant	Reported
Passarotti, Sweeney, and Pavuluri (2010)DR	19	13	Both	Healthy	n-back	Negative and positive	Task-relevant	Reported*
	23	13		Bipolar disorder1
	14	13		ADHD1
Passarotti, Sweeney, and Pavuluri (2011)	13	14	Both	Healthy	n-back	Negative and positive	Task-relevant	Reported
	17	14		Bipolar disorder1
Passarotti, Ellis, Wegbreit, Stevens, and Pavuluri (2012)	41	14	Both	Healthy	n-back	Negative	Task-relevant	Reported
	16	15		Bipolar disorder1
Pavuluri, Passarotti, Fitzgerald, Wegbreit, and Sweeney (2012)DR	15	14	Both	Healthy	n-back	Negative and positive	Task-relevant	Reported
	21	13		ADHD1
Pehlivanoglu, Jain, Ariel, and Verhaeghen (2014)	21	71	Both	Healthy	n-back	Negative and positive	Task-relevant
	21	20		Healthy
Perlstein, Elbert, and Stenger (2002)	10	25	Imagingd	Healthy	S. span	Negative and positive	Task-relevant	Reported*
Phillips et al. (2011)DR	21	26	Both	Healthy	n-back	Negative and positive	Task-relevant
	22	25		First degree relative with schizophrenia1c
Prehn et al. (2013)	17	29	Both	Healthy	n-back	Negative	Task-irrelevant
	15	28		Antisocial and borderline PD1
Putman, Hermans, and van Honk (2007)	18	20	Accuracy	Healthy	S. span	Negative and positive	Task-relevant
	18	20		Hydrocortisone administration2
Rebetez, Rochat, Billieux, Gay, and Van der Linden (2015)	88	23	Both	Healthy	S. span	Negative and positive	Task-relevant
Reinecke, Rinck, and Becker (2006)	23	21	Accuracy	Spider fearful1	S. span	Negative
	23	21		Healthy
Reinecke, Becker, and Rinck (2009)	23	21	Accuracy	Spider fearful1	S. span	Negative
	24	22		Healthy
	18	21		Spider fearful1
	19	21		Healthy
Reinecke, Soltau, Hoyer, Becker, and Rinck (2012)DR	29	31	Accuracy	Spider fearful1	S. span	Negative
Richter et al. (2013)	18	24	Both	Healthy	n-back	Negative	Task-relevant	Reported
	16	24		Healthy
Robinaugh, Crane, Enock, and McNally (2016)	30	26	Both	Healthy	S. span	Negative and positive	Task-relevant
	30	26		Healthy
Román et al. (2015)DR	51	20	Both	Healthy	n-back	Negative and positive	Task-relevant
	52	20		Healthy
Sabharwal et al. (2016)DR	46	45	Both	Psychotic disorders1	DMTS	Negative	Task-irrelevant	Reported
	23	45		Currently psychotic1
	27	47		Healthy
Schenkel, Passarotti, Sweeney, and Pavuluri (2012)	31	13	Both	Healthy	n-back	Negative and positive	Task-relevant
	23	13		Bipolar disorder I1
	16	15		Bipolar disorder II1
Schweizer and Dalgleish (2011)	33	47	Accuracy	Healthy	C. span	Negative	Task-irrelevant
	20	46		PTSD1
Schweizer and Dalgleish (2016)	31	23	Accuracy	Healthy	C. span	Negative	Task-irrelevant
	59	45		Healthy
	15	46		Healthy
	12	46		PTSD1
Schweizer et al. (2011)	45	25	Accuracy	Healthy	D. n-back	Negative	Task-relevant
Schweizer et al. (2013)	34	23	Accuracy	Healthy	D. n-back	Negative	Task-relevant	Reported
Schweizer et al. (2018)	123	41	Accuracy	Healthy	C. span	Negative	Task-relevant
	14	51		Healthy
	21	52		Depression1
	20	37		Healthy
	27	44		Depression1
	23	51		Remitted depression1c
Segal, Kessler, and Anholt (2015)DR	34	23	Accuracy	Healthy	n-back	Negative and positive	Task-relevant
	31	23		High social anxiety1
Shi, Gao, and Zhou (2014)	53	20	Accuracy	High test anxiety1	C. span	Negative	Task-irrelevant
	58	20		Healthy
Simione et al. (2014)DR	22	23	Both	Healthy	DMTS	Negative and positive	Task-relevant
	20	27	Both	Healthy	DMTS	Negative and positive	Task-relevant
Simon et al. (2015)DR	18	27	Both	Healthy	n-back	Negative and positive	Task-irrelevant	Reported*
	18	27		Sleep-deprived2
Stiernströmer, Wolgast, and Johansson (2016)	38	26	Both	Healthy	n-back	Negative and positive	Task-relevant
Tamm, Kreegipuu, Harro, and Cowan (2017)DR	507	25	Both	Healthy	n-back	Negative and positive	Task-relevant
Tavares, Logie, and Mitchell (2016)	39	22	Accuracy	Healthy	DMTS	Negative	Task-irrelevant
	53	21		Healthy
Tavitian et al. (2014)DR	22	16	Accuracy	Depression1	n-back	Negative and positive	Task-irrelevant
	21	15		Healthy
Tempesta, De Gennaro, Presaghi, and Ferrara (2014)DR	25	24	Both	Healthy	n-back	Negative and positive	Task-relevant
	25	24		Sleep-deprived2
Terfehr et al. (2011)	27	34	Accuracy	Depression1	S. span	Negative	Task-relevant
	30	34		Depression after hydrocortisone administration1
	29	32		Healthy
	27	32		Healthy after hydrocortisone administration2
Truong and Yang (2014)	36	20	Both	Healthy	DMTS	Negative and positive	Task-relevant
	36	73		Healthy
Uher, Brooks, Bartholdy, Tchanturia, and Campbell (2014)	31	25	Accuracy	Healthy	n-back	Negative and positive	Task-relevant
Vanderhasselt, Brunoni, Loeys, Boggio, and De Raedt (2013)	22	22	Accuracy	Healthy	S. span	Negative	Task-relevant
	22	22		Healthy after tDCS2
Vermeulen, Niedenthal, Pleyers, Bayot, and Corneille (2014)DR	33	19	Both	Healthy	n-back	Negative and positive	Task-relevant
Visu-Petra, Ţincaş, Cheie, and Benga (2010)	30	6	Accuracy	Healthy	S. span	Negative and positive (mixed)	Task-relevant
	30	6		Healthy
Wanmaker, Geraerts, and Franken (2015)	49	46	RTe	Depression and anxiety1	S. span	Negative	Task-relevant
	49	47		Depression and anxiety1
Weigand et al. (2013)	26	26	Both	Healthy	n-back	Negative	Task-relevant
Weigand et al. (2013)	15	25	Both	Healthy	n-back	Negative	Task-relevant
Wilson, Sayette, Fiez, and Brough (2007)	23	34	Accuracy	Smokers	DMTS	Smoking-related cues
Xin and Lei (2015)DR	33	22	Both	Healthy	n-back	Negative and positive	Task-relevant	Reported
Yang, Wang, Jin, and Li (2015)	14	24	Accuracy	Healthy	DMTS	Negative and positive	Task-irrelevant
Zhang et al. (2013)	20	32	Accuracy	Healthy	DMTS	Negative	Task-irrelevant	Reported
	20	33		PTSD1