Table 2.

Measurement of Children’s Adversities

Adversity type	Assessment tool(s)	Time point				Criteria for counting adversity exposure
		T1	T2	T3	T4
Potential maltreatment	Official DSHS records	X				Exposure was counted if records indicated that a child in the family had a recent, open case of maltreatment recorded at least 2 weeks prior to recruitment (all children in this study met this criterion)
Removal from birth home	Official DSHS records				X	Exposure was counted if DSHS records indicated that the child experienced at least one birth home removal between birth and T4, or if the caregiver indicated yes on the item about foster care
	One investigator-developed item asking caregivers if their child had experienced foster care within the past year (response options = yes v. no)				X
Caregiver mental illness	The CES-D total score indicating caregivers' depressive symptoms over the past week	X	X	X	X	Exposure was counted if, at one or more time points, the caregiver scored at or above a total score cut-off of 16 points
Caregiver incarceration	One item from the DLC asking caregivers if they had been in prison or jail within the past year (response options = yes v. no)	X			X	Exposure was counted if the caregiver responded yes at one or both time pointsa
Domestic violence	One item from the DLC asking caregivers if they had been physically abused by their partner within the past year (response options = yes v. no)	X			X	Exposure was counted if the caregiver responded yes on one or more items at one or both time points
	One item from the CLE asking caregivers if their child had witnessed someone from their family get hurt or threatened with a weapon within the past year (response options = yes v. no)				X
	One item from the CLE asking caregivers if their child had witnessed someone from their family get hit, kicked, or pushed within the past year (response options = yes v. no)				X
Household substance use or abuse	One item from the DLC asking caregivers if they had experienced a drug or alcohol problem within the past year (response options = yes v. no)	X			X	Exposure was counted if the caregiver responded yes on one or both items at one or both time points
	One item from the DLC asking caregivers if their partner had experienced a drug or alcohol problem within the past year (response options = yes v. no)	X			X
Caregiver divorce or separation	One item from the DLC asking caregivers if they had experienced divorce or separation within the past year (response options = yes v. no)	X			X	Exposure was counted if the caregiver responded yes on one or both items at one or both time points
	One investigator-developed item asking caregivers if their child had experienced parental divorce or separation within the past year (response options = yes v. no)				X
Death of a family member or loved one	One item from the DLC asking caregivers if an immediate family member had died within the past year (response options = yes v. no)	X			X	Exposure was counted if the caregiver responded yes on one or both items at one or both time points
	One investigator-developed item asking caregivers if their child had experienced the death of a loved one within the past year (response options = yes v. no)				X
Homelessness	One investigator-developed item asking caregivers if they had received transitional housing for homelessness services within the past 3 months (response options = yes v. no)	X	X	X	X	Exposure was counted if the caregiver responded yes on one or both items at one or more time points
	One investigator-developed item asking caregivers if their child had experienced homelessness within the past year (response options = yes v. no)				X

Note. Time point = time point at which the assessment tool was administered. T1 = baseline, T2 = immediately post-intervention, T3 = 3 months post-intervention, T4 = 6 months post-intervention. DSHS = Department of Health and Human Services. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale and 16-point total score cut-off is from Radloff (1997). The Difficult Life Circumstances (DLC) questionnaire is from Oxford and colleagues (2015). The Child Life Events (CLE) questionnaire is from Mongillo and colleagues (2009). All assessment tools, except for the DSHS records, were caregiver report.

^an = 47 cases had missing data about caregiver incarceration, as this item was not added to the DLC until later in this study. These cases with missing data were assumed to have no exposure to caregiver incarceration.