Table I.
Characteristics of the study sample by age at first incarceration and result from bivariate analyses of demographic variables (gender, race/ethnicity, parental household income, highest level of parental education and family household structure) vs age at first incarceration
| Variable | First incarceration at age 7–13 (%) | First incarceration at age 14–32 | Never incarcerated (%) | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | ||||
| Female | 15.7 | 24.0 | 54.5 | < 0.001 |
| Male | 84.3 | 76.0 | 45.5 | |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||
| White | 29.2 | 62.3 | 69.1 | < 0.001 |
| African American | 33.1 | 20.8 | 14.8 | |
| Hispanic | 22.4 | 12.2 | 10.8 | |
| Other | 15.3 | 4.7 | 5.3 | |
| Household income (amount/year) | ||||
| 0-$24,999 | 48.7 | 29.5 | 20.9 | < 0.001 |
| $25,000-$49,999 | 11.4 | 26.7 | 26.5 | |
| $50,000-$74,999 | 11.4 | 13.5 | 19.1 | |
| $75,000 or more | 0.1 | 6.7 | 11.8 | |
| Missing | 28.4 | 23.6 | 21.7 | |
| Highest level of parental education | ||||
| Less than high school | 14.5 | 14.6 | 8.9 | < 0.001 |
| High school diploma | 46.8 | 37.2 | 30.8 | |
| Some college | 21.6 | 21.9 | 21.8 | |
| College degree or more | 17.1 | 26.3 | 38.5 | |
| Family household structure | ||||
| Two biological parents | 19.1 | 40.8 | 57.4 | < 0.001 |
| Two parents (⩾1 non-bio parent) | 29.6 | 22.2 | 15.8 | |
| Single parent | 35.8 | 29.4 | 21.6 | |
| Other | 15.5 | 7.6 | 5.2 |
Notes: n = 14,689. Percentages are weighted to account for survey design. p-Values are for χ2-tests; italic p-values indicate statistical significance