Table 1.
Participant Characteristics by Quintiles (Q) of the DASH Eating Pattern Score (N=4,493)
| Variable | DASH eating pattern score |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 (n=921) 10–19 |
Q2 (n=869) 20–22 |
Q3 (n=944) 23–25 |
Q4 (n=979) 26–29 |
Q5 (n=780) 30–40 |
p-value | |
| Categorical variables, % | ||||||
| Female | 32.8 | 44.5 | 48.6 | 62.9 | 72.1 | <0.001 |
| Race | ||||||
| White | 29.1 | 36.6 | 40.5 | 43.9 | 50.7 | <0.001 |
| Chinese American | 15.6 | 14.3 | 14.6 | 12.5 | 6.3 | <0.001 |
| African American | 33.8 | 25.0 | 21.7 | 23.9 | 20.6 | <0.001 |
| Hispanic American | 21.5 | 24.2 | 23.1 | 21.1 | 21.3 | <0.001 |
| Education | ||||||
| Less than high school | 17.1 | 19.4 | 16.6 | 15.0 | 13.7 | <0.001 |
| High school | 20.9 | 19.5 | 17.4 | 14.6 | 14.6 | <0.001 |
| Some college | 30.5 | 27.7 | 25.7 | 27.1 | 26.8 | <0.001 |
| College graduate or more | 30.5 | 33.5 | 40.3 | 43.3 | 44.8 | <0.001 |
| Smoking status | ||||||
| Never | 43.5 | 51 | 53 | 54.3 | 53.9 | <0.001 |
| Past | 33.9 | 35.1 | 36.3 | 36.8 | 41 | <0.001 |
| Current | 22.6 | 14.3 | 11.4 | 8.5 | 5.5 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 9.2 | 13.0 | 13.3 | 11.3 | 10.3 | 0.029 |
| HTN by JNC | 39.4 | 41.2 | 42.1 | 44.3 | 47.5 | 0.148 |
| HTN drug | 30.18 | 35.4 | 34.0 | 39.1 | 38.7 | <0.001 |
| Lipid lowering drug | 12.6 | 15.0 | 15.6 | 16.6 | 19.7 | 0.002 |
| ACE or ARB | 13.3 | 15.7 | 17.3 | 18.0 | 18.3 | 0.022 |
| Diuretics | 10.3 | 12.0 | 10.4 | 13.6 | 15.4 | 0.005 |
| Alcohol use | ||||||
| Never | 16.2 | 19.2 | 20.9 | 21.5 | 20.9 | 0.100 |
| Former | 23.8 | 25.0 | 22.4 | 21.4 | 22.2 | 0.100 |
| Current | 60.0 | 55.8 | 56.6 | 57.1 | 56.9 | 0.100 |
| Continuous variables, mean (SD) | ||||||
| Age mean, years | 58(10) | 60 (10) | 61(10) | 62(10) | 65(10) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28(5.0) | 28(5) | 28 (5) | 27(5) | 26(5) | <0.001 |
| Total daily energy intake (kcal) | 1,934 (901) | 1,799 (849) | 1,560 (780) | 1,560 (675) | 1,381 (545) | <0.001 |
| Intentional exercise (MET minutes/week) | 1,489 (2,676) | 1,435 (2,052) | 1,482 (2,092) | 1,662 (2,399) | 1,979 (2,646) | <0.001 |
| Moderate+vigorous PA | 6,610 (7,280) | 5,805 (5,874) | 5,463 (5,460) | 5,627 (5,712) | 5,641 (5,399) | <0.001 |
| Cholesterol, mg/dl | ||||||
| Total | 193 (35) | 194 (35) | 192 (34) | 195 (36) | 195 (34) | 0.318 |
| LDL | 119 (31) | 119 (32) | 116 (30) | 117 (31) | 114 (29) | 0.003 |
| HDL | 48 (13) | 49 (14) | 50 (14) | 52 (16) | 57 (17) | <0.001 |
| Blood pressure, mmHg | ||||||
| Systolic | 1,265 (20) | 125 (21) | 125 (21) | 126 (21) | 127 (22) | 0.276 |
| Diastolic | 74 (10) | 72 (10) | 72 (10) | 71 (10) | 69 (10) | 0.920 |
| LV ejection fraction (%) | 68 (7) | 68 (8) | 69 (8) | 70 (7) | 70 (6) | <0.001 |
| LV end diastolic volume | 134 (34) | 129 (32) | 127 (32) | 124 (29) | 119 (28) | <0.001 |
| LV mass | 157 (40) | 150 (40) | 145 (39) | 140 (37) | 135 (36) | <0.001 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 63 (9) | 63 (9) | 63 (10) | 62 (9) | 62 (9) | 0.74 |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | 1.0 (0.5) | 0.96 (0.2) | 0.95 (0.2) | 0.93 (0.2) | 0.92 (0.29) | <0.001 |
| Estimated GFR | 84.0 (17.8) | 81.6 (17.6) | 81.7 (17.0) | 79.4 (16.1) | 77.7 (16.5) | <0.001 |
| NT-proBNP (pg/ml) # | 92.5 (465.7) | 77.0 (108.4) | 91.7 (174.3) | 106.7 (185.5) | 128.8 (177.0) | <0.001 |
Note: Boldface indicates statistical significance (p<0.05).
DASH, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension; HTN, hypertension; JNC, Joint National Committee; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor(s); ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker(s)/antagonist(s); PA, physical activity; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LV, left ventricular; bpm, beats per minute; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro b- type natriuretic peptide.